
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the (A) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and the (B) stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. MEK = MAPK or ERK kinase; Elk-1 = the nuclear substrate of ERK; SRF = serum response factor; SRE = serum response element; MEKKs = MEK kinases; MKK3,6 = MAPK kinase; JNK = c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase; p38 = p38 MAPK; SEK-1 = SAPK/ERK kinase-1. For details, see references 10 and 12.