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Department of Neurology (Dr. Wolf); and the Section on Preventive Medicine of the Division of Medicine (Drs. Dawber and Thomas), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and the Heart Disease Epidemiology Study (Dr. Kannel), National Heart and Lung Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts.
Chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) as a precursor of stroke was assessed over 24 years of follow-up of the general population sample at Framingham, Massachusetts. Persons with chronic established AF, with or without rheumatic heart disease (RHD), are at greatly increased risk of stroke, and the stroke is probably due to embolism. Chronic AF in the absence of RHD is associated with more than a fivefold increase in stroke incidence, while AF with RHD has a 17-fold increase. Stroke occurrence increased as duration of AF increased, with no evidence of a particularly vulnerable period. Chronic idiopathic AF is an important precursor of cerebral embolism. Controlled trials of anticoagulants or antiarrhythmic agents in persons with chronic AF may demonstrate if strokes can be prevented in this highly susceptible group.
Reprint requests should be addressed to Dr. Wolf, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 80 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118.
Presented in part at the twenty-eighth annual meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, April 29, 1976, Toronto, Canada.
Supported in part by Research Grant NS 09695-05 from the National Institutes of Health.
Accepted for publication September 12, 1977.
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V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, J. E. Lowe, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation--Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society Circulation, August 15, 2006; 114(7): 700 - 752. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. R Kasliwal, S. Mukesh, G. Manohar, N. Aggarwal, and A. Bhatia Pharmacotherapy of Atrial Fibrillation Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, December 1, 2003; 11(4): 364 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. J. Wang, J. M. Massaro, D. Levy, R. S. Vasan, P. A. Wolf, R. B. D'Agostino, M. G. Larson, W. B. Kannel, and E. J. Benjamin A Risk Score for Predicting Stroke or Death in Individuals With New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in the Community: The Framingham Heart Study JAMA, August 27, 2003; 290(8): 1049 - 1056. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. L. Waldo Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation JAMA, August 27, 2003; 290(8): 1093 - 1095. [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Touboul, J. Brugada, A. Capucci, H. J.G.M. Crijns, N. Edvardsson, and S. H. Hohnloser Dronedarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation: A dose-ranging study Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2003; 24(16): 1481 - 1487. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. S.G. Conway, L. A. Pearce, B. S.P. Chin, R. G. Hart, and G. Y.H. Lip Prognostic Value of Plasma von Willebrand Factor and Soluble P-Selectin as Indices of Endothelial Damage and Platelet Activation in 994 Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Circulation, July 1, 2003; 107(25): 3141 - 3145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. J Boos, R. S More, and J. Carlsson Persistent atrial fibrillation: rate control or rhythm control BMJ, June 25, 2003; 326(7404): 1411 - 1412. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Manasse, P.G. Colombo, A. Barbone, P. Braidotti, G. Bulfamante, M. Roincalli, and R. Gallotti Clinical histopathology and ultrastructural analysis of myocardium following microwave energy ablation Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., April 1, 2003; 23(4): 573 - 577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. S.G. Conway, J. Heeringa, D. A.M. Van Der Kuip, B. S.P. Chin, A. Hofman, J. C.M. Witteman, and G. Y.H. Lip Atrial Fibrillation and the Prothrombotic State in the Elderly: The Rotterdam Study Stroke, February 1, 2003; 34(2): 413 - 417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. W. Lee, N. H. Park, S. J. Choo, M. S. Jo, H. Song, and M. G. Song Surgical outcome of the maze procedure for atrial fibrillation in mitral valve disease: rheumatic versus degenerative Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 2003; 75(1): 57 - 61. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Bonanomi, M. A. Zenati, and D. Schwartzman Left atrial appendectomy and maze J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 1, 2003; 41(1): 170 - 170. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S.R. Raj and D.G. Wyse Rhythm control for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after AV junction ablation: is it worth the effort? Eur. Heart J., June 1, 2002; 23(11): 845 - 848. [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. O. von Oppell, T. Rauch, G. Hindricks, H. Kottkamp, and F. Mohr Effectiveness of two radiofrequency ablation systems in atrial tissue Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., November 1, 2001; 20(5): 956 - 960. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, R. W. Asinger, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, R. L. Frye, J. L. Halperin, G. N. Kay, W. W. Klein, S. Levy, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Circulation, October 23, 2001; 104(17): 2118 - 2150. [Full Text] [PDF]
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Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2001; 22(20): 1852 - 1923. [PDF]
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V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, R. W. Asinger, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, R. L. Frye, J. L. Halperin, G. N. Kay, W. W. Klein, S. Levy, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 2001; 38(4): 1231 - 1265. [Full Text] [PDF]
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