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Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease include insidious onset and progressive impairment of memory and other cognitive functions. There are no motor, sensory, or coordination deficits early in the disease. The diagnosis cannot be determined by laboratory tests. These tests are important primarily in identifying other possible causes of dementia that must be excluded before the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease may be made with confidence. Neuropsychological tests provide confirmatory evidence of the diagnosis of dementia and help to assess the course and response to therapy. The criteria proposed are intended to serve as a guide for the diagnosis of probable, possible, and definite Alzheimer's disease; these criteria will be revised as more definitive information becomes available.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Stadlan, 7550 Wisconsin Avenue, Federal Building, Room 700, Bethesda, MD 20205.
*For Work Group Participants and Affiliations, see page 943.
Accepted for publication March 20, 1984.
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J.C.S. Breitner, S. J.P.A. Haneuse, R. Walker, S. Dublin, P. K. Crane, S. L. Gray, and E. B. Larson Risk of dementia and AD with prior exposure to NSAIDs in an elderly community-based cohort Neurology, June 2, 2009; 72(22): 1899 - 1905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S S Williams, J Williams, M Combrinck, S Christie, A D Smith, and R McShane Olfactory impairment is more marked in patients with mild dementia with Lewy bodies than those with mild Alzheimer disease J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, June 1, 2009; 80(6): 667 - 670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Gyurak, M. S. Goodkind, A. Madan, J. H. Kramer, B. L. Miller, and R. W. Levenson Do tests of executive functioning predict ability to downregulate emotions spontaneously and when instructed to suppress? Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci, June 1, 2009; 9(2): 144 - 152. [Abstract] [PDF]
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O L Lopez, J T Becker, A S Wahed, J Saxton, R A Sweet, D A Wolk, W Klunk, and S T DeKosky Long-term effects of the concomitant use of memantine with cholinesterase inhibition in Alzheimer disease J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, June 1, 2009; 80(6): 600 - 607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. S. Wilson, N. T. Aggarwal, L. L. Barnes, J. L. Bienias, C. F. Mendes de Leon, and D. A. Evans Biracial Population Study of Mortality in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease Arch Neurol, June 1, 2009; 66(6): 767 - 772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Leyhe, M. Milian, S. Muller, G. W. Eschweiler, and R. Saur The Minute Hand Phenomenon in the Clock Test of Patients With Early Alzheimer Disease J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, June 1, 2009; 22(2): 119 - 129. [Abstract] [PDF]
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C. H. Sadowsky, A. Dengiz, J. T. Olin, B. Koumaras, X. Meng, S. Brannan, and US38 study group Switching from Donepezil Tablets to Rivastigmine Transdermal Patch in Alzheimer's Disease American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, June 1, 2009; 24(3): 267 - 275. [Abstract] [PDF]
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B. Bediou, I. Ryff, B. Mercier, M. Milliery, M.-A. Henaff, T. D'Amato, M. Bonnefoy, A. Vighetto, and P. Krolak-Salmon Impaired Social Cognition in Mild Alzheimer Disease J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, June 1, 2009; 22(2): 130 - 140. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. Verghese, Cuiling Wang, M. J. Katz, A. Sanders, and R. B. Lipton Leisure Activities and Risk of Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, June 1, 2009; 22(2): 110 - 118. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. F. Mendez, A. M. McMurtray, E. A. Licht, and R. E. Saul Frontal-executive Versus Posterior-perceptual Mental Status Deficits in Early-onset Dementias American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, June 1, 2009; 24(3): 220 - 227. [Abstract] [PDF]
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V. J. Lowe, B. J. Kemp, C. R. Jack Jr., M. Senjem, S. Weigand, M. Shiung, G. Smith, D. Knopman, B. Boeve, B. Mullan, et al. Comparison of 18F-FDG and PiB PET in Cognitive Impairment J. Nucl. Med., June 1, 2009; 50(6): 878 - 886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 O. C. Maes, H. M. Schipper, H. M. Chertkow, and E. Wang Methodology for Discovery of Alzheimer's Disease Blood-Based Biomarkers J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, June 1, 2009; 64A(6): 636 - 645. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. A. Boyle, L. L. Barnes, A. S. Buchman, and D. A. Bennett Purpose in Life Is Associated With Mortality Among Community-Dwelling Older Persons Psychosom Med, June 1, 2009; 71(5): 574 - 579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S-T Lee, K. Chu, K-H Jung, H-K Park, D-H Kim, J-J Bahn, J-H Kim, M-J Oh, S. K. Lee, M. Kim, et al. Reduced circulating angiogenic cells in Alzheimer disease Neurology, May 26, 2009; 72(21): 1858 - 1863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Bosch-Domenech, R. Nagel, and J. V. Sanchez-Andres Prosocial Capabilities in Alzheimer's Patients J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, May 25, 2009; (2009) gbp034v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Jessen, O. Gur, W. Block, G. Ende, L. Frolich, T. Hammen, J. Wiltfang, T. Kucinski, H. Jahn, R. Heun, et al. A multicenter 1H-MRS study of the medial temporal lobe in AD and MCI Neurology, May 19, 2009; 72(20): 1735 - 1740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. F. Hughes, A. R. Borenstein, E. Schofield, Y. Wu, and E. B. Larson Association between late-life body mass index and dementia: The Kame Project Neurology, May 19, 2009; 72(20): 1741 - 1746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.D.M. Haag, A. Hofman, P. J. Koudstaal, M. M.B. Breteler, and B. H.C. Stricker Duration of antihypertensive drug use and risk of dementia: A prospective cohort study Neurology, May 19, 2009; 72(20): 1727 - 1734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. A. Smith Treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the long-term-care setting Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., May 15, 2009; 66(10): 899 - 907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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