| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Department of Neurology (Drs. Panitch, Hirsch, and Johnson), Maryland Center for Multiple Sclerosis, University of Maryland; the Veterans Administration Medical Center (Drs. Panitch and Johnson), Baltimore, MD; and the Biogen Research Corporation (Dr. Schindler), Cambridge, MA.
We treated 18 clinically definite relapsing-remitting MS patients with recombinant gamma interferon in a pilot study designed to evaluate toxicity and dosage. Patients received low (1 µg), intermediate (30 µg), or high (1,000 µg) doses of interferon by intravenous infusion twice a week for 4 weeks. Serum levels of gamma interferon were proportional to dose and no interferon was detected in CSF. Seven of the 18 patients had exacerbations during treatment, a significant increase compared with the prestudy exacerbation rate (p < 0.01). Exacerbations occurred in all three dosage groups and were not precipitated by fever or other dose-dependent side effects. There were significant increases in circulating monocytes bearing class II (HLA-DR) surface antigen, in the proliferative responses of peripheral blood leukocytes, and in natural killer cell activity. These results show that systemic administration of gamma interferon has pronounced effects on cellular immunity in MS and on disease activity within the CNS, suggesting that the attacks induced during treatment were immunologically mediated. Gamma interferon is unsuitable for use as a therapeutic agent in MS. Agents that specifically inhibit gamma interferon production or counteract its effects on immune cells should be investigated as candidates for experimental therapy.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Panitch, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201.
Supported by Biogen Research Corporation, National Institutes of Health Center Grant NS-20022, and the Veterans Adminiatration.
Presented in part at the thirty-eighth annual meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, New Orleans, LA, April 1986.
Received January 28, 1987. Accepted for publication in final form April 23, 1987.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J.-H. Yen and D. Ganea Interferon {beta} induces mature dendritic cell apoptosis through caspase-11/caspase-3 activation Blood, August 13, 2009; 114(7): 1344 - 1354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Wang, B. Dehghani, Y. Li, L. J. Kaler, T. Proctor, A. A. Vandenbark, and H. Offner Membrane Estrogen Receptor Regulates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis through Up-regulation of Programmed Death 1 J. Immunol., March 1, 2009; 182(5): 3294 - 3303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Lin, P. E. Kunkler, H. P. Harding, D. Ron, R. P. Kraig, and B. Popko Enhanced Integrated Stress Response Promotes Myelinating Oligodendrocyte Survival in Response to Interferon-{gamma} Am. J. Pathol., November 1, 2008; 173(5): 1508 - 1517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Ren, L. Lu, T. B. Guo, J. Qiu, Y. Yang, A. Liu, and J. Z. Zhang Novel Immunomodulatory Properties of Berbamine through Selective Down-Regulation of STAT4 and Action of IFN-{gamma} in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., July 15, 2008; 181(2): 1491 - 1498. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Steinman A rush to judgment on Th17 J. Exp. Med., June 30, 2008; (2008) jem.20072066. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Doi, S. Oki, T. Ozawa, H. Hohjoh, S. Miyake, and T. Yamamura Orphan nuclear receptor NR4A2 expressed in T cells from multiple sclerosis mediates production of inflammatory cytokines PNAS, June 17, 2008; 105(24): 8381 - 8386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. H. Kantarci, D. D. Hebrink, J. Schaefer-Klein, Y. Sun, S. Achenbach, E. J. Atkinson, S. Heggarty, A. C. Cotleur, M. de Andrade, K. Vandenbroeck, et al. Interferon Gamma Allelic Variants: Sex-Biased Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility and Gene Expression Arch Neurol, March 1, 2008; 65(3): 349 - 357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Hamamcioglu and A. Reder Interferon-{beta} regulates cytokines and BDNF: greater effect in relapsing than in progressive multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, May 1, 2007; 13(4): 459 - 470. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Dunn, S. S. Ousman, R. A. Sobel, L. Zuniga, S. E. Baranzini, S. Youssef, A. Crowell, J. Loh, J. Oksenberg, and L. Steinman Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR){alpha} expression in T cells mediates gender differences in development of T cell-mediated autoimmunity J. Exp. Med., February 19, 2007; 204(2): 321 - 330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y.-N. Zhu, X.-G. Zhong, J.-Q. Feng, Y.-F. Yang, Y.-F. Fu, J. Ni, Q.-F. Liu, W. Tang, W.-M. Zhao, and J.-P. Zuo Periplocoside E Inhibits Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis by Suppressing Interleukin 12-Dependent CCR5 Expression and Interferon-{gamma}-Dependent CXCR3 Expression in T Lymphocytes J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., September 1, 2006; 318(3): 1153 - 1162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M Andersson, E Svenungsson, M Khademi, J Lampa, L Brundin, and E Wallstrom No signs of immunoactivation in the cerebrospinal fluid during treatment with infliximab Ann Rheum Dis, September 1, 2006; 65(9): 1237 - 1240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Brisebois, S. P. Zehntner, J. Estrada, T. Owens, and S. Fournier A Pathogenic Role for CD8+ T Cells in a Spontaneous Model of Demyelinating Disease J. Immunol., August 15, 2006; 177(4): 2403 - 2411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Friese, X. Montalban, N. Willcox, J. I. Bell, R. Martin, and L. Fugger The value of animal models for drug development in multiple sclerosis Brain, August 1, 2006; 129(8): 1940 - 1952. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Lin, A. Kemper, J. L. Dupree, H. P. Harding, D. Ron, and B. Popko Interferon-{gamma} inhibits central nervous system remyelination through a process modulated by endoplasmic reticulum stress Brain, May 1, 2006; 129(5): 1306 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Friese and L. Fugger Autoreactive CD8+ T cells in multiple sclerosis: a new target for therapy? Brain, August 1, 2005; 128(8): 1747 - 1763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Wallberg and R. A. Harris Co-infection with Trypanosoma brucei brucei prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in DBA/1 mice through induction of suppressor APCs Int. Immunol., June 1, 2005; 17(6): 721 - 728. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Lin, H. P. Harding, D. Ron, and B. Popko Endoplasmic reticulum stress modulates the response of myelinating oligodendrocytes to the immune cytokine interferon-{gamma} J. Cell Biol., May 23, 2005; 169(4): 603 - 612. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Takahashi, T. Aranami, M. Endoh, S. Miyake, and T. Yamamura The regulatory role of natural killer cells in multiple sclerosis Brain, September 1, 2004; 127(9): 1917 - 1927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Waubant, S. Vukusic, L. Gignoux, F. D. Dubief, I. Achiti, S. Blanc, C. Renoux, and C. Confavreux Clinical characteristics of responders to interferon therapy for relapsing MS Neurology, July 22, 2003; 61(2): 184 - 189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Aktas, S. Waiczies, A. Smorodchenko, J. Dorr, B. Seeger, T. Prozorovski, S. Sallach, M. Endres, S. Brocke, R. Nitsch, et al. Treatment of Relapsing Paralysis in Experimental Encephalomyelitis by Targeting Th1 Cells through Atorvastatin J. Exp. Med., March 17, 2003; 197(6): 725 - 733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Araki, T. Kondo, J. E. Gumperz, M. B. Brenner, S. Miyake, and T. Yamamura Th2 bias of CD4+ NKT cells derived from multiple sclerosis in remission Int. Immunol., February 1, 2003; 15(2): 279 - 288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Sewell, Z. Qing, E. Reinke, D. Elliot, J. Weinstock, M. Sandor, and Z. Fabry Immunomodulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by helminth ova immunization Int. Immunol., January 1, 2003; 15(1): 59 - 69. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Nicolson, S. Freland, C. Weir, B. Delahunt, R. A. Flavell, and B. T. Backstrom Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the absence of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 Int. Immunol., August 1, 2002; 14(8): 849 - 856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I.-J. Kim, H. N. Beck, P. J. Lein, and D. Higgins Interferon gamma Induces Retrograde Dendritic Retraction and Inhibits Synapse Formation J. Neurosci., June 1, 2002; 22(11): 4530 - 4539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Dhib-Jalbut Mechanisms of action of interferons and glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis Neurology, April 23, 2002; 58(90084): S3 - 9. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Steinman Blockade of gamma interferon might be beneficial in MS Multiple Sclerosis, October 1, 2001; 7(5): 275 - 276. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S Skurkovich, A Boiko, I Beliaeva, A Buglak, T Alekseeva, N Smirnova, O Kulakova, V Tchechonin, O Gurova, T Deomina, et al. Randomized study of antibodies to IFN-g and TNF-a in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, October 1, 2001; 7(5): 277 - 284. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Steinman Gene microarrays and experimental demyelinating disease: a tool to enhance serendipity Brain, October 1, 2001; 124(10): 1897 - 1899. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. S. Huseby, D. Liggitt, T. Brabb, B. Schnabel, C. Ohlen, and J. Goverman A Pathogenic Role for Myelin-Specific Cd8+ T Cells in a Model for Multiple Sclerosis J. Exp. Med., September 3, 2001; 194(5): 669 - 676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Steinman Myelin-Specific Cd8 T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Experimental Allergic Encephalitis and Multiple Sclerosis J. Exp. Med., September 3, 2001; 194(5): f27 - f30. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-i. Satoh and Y. Kuroda Differing effects of IFN{beta} vs IFN{gamma} in MS: Gene expression in cultured astrocytes Neurology, August 28, 2001; 57(4): 681 - 685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C. Mohr, D. E. Goodkin, J. Islar, S. L. Hauser, and C. P. Genain Treatment of Depression Is Associated With Suppression of Nonspecific and Antigen-Specific TH1 Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Arch Neurol, July 1, 2001; 58(7): 1081 - 1086. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y Dai, T Masterman, W X Huang, M Sandberg-Wollheim, M Laaksonen, H F Harbo, A Oturai, L P Ryder, P Soelberg-Sorensen, A Svejgaard, et al. Analysis of an interferon-{gamma} gene dinucleotide-repeat polymorphism in Nordic multiple sclerosis patients Multiple Sclerosis, June 1, 2001; 7(3): 157 - 163. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. V. Tejada-Simon, Y. C. Q. Zang, D. Yang, J. Hong, S. Li, R. A. K. Singh, E. Van den Berg-Loonen, J. M. Killian, V. M. Rivera, and J. Z. Zhang Aberrant T cell responses to myelin antigens during clinical exacerbation in patients with multiple sclerosis Int. Immunol., December 1, 2000; 12(12): 1641 - 1650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. da Costa, C. L. Yasuda, S. M Scagliusi, B. M. Diaz-Bardales, E. Maciel, B. P Damasceno, M H. S. Blotta, C. P Tilbery, and L. M. Santos pattern of cytokine secretion by peripheral blood cells of patients with multiple sclerosis in Brazil Multiple Sclerosis, October 1, 2000; 6(5): 293 - 299. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-B. Sun, B.-G. Xiao, M. Lindblad, B.-L. Li, H. Link, C. Czerkinsky, and J. Holmgren Oral administration of cholera toxin B subunit conjugated to myelin basic protein protects against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inducing transforming growth factor-{beta}-secreting cells and suppressing chemokine expression Int. Immunol., October 1, 2000; 12(10): 1449 - 1457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. C. Q. Zang, A. K. Samanta, J. B. Halder, J. Hong, M. V. Tejada-Simon, V. M. Rivera, and J. Z. Zhang Aberrant T cell migration toward RANTES and MIP-1{alpha} in patients with multiple sclerosis: Overexpression of chemokine receptor CCR5 Brain, September 1, 2000; 123(9): 1874 - 1882. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. C. Q. Zang, D. Yang, J. Hong, M. V. Tejada-Simon, V. M. Rivera, and J. Z. Zhang Immunoregulation and blocking antibodies induced by interferon beta treatment in MS Neurology, August 8, 2000; 55(3): 397 - 404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Chiarugi, P. D. Sbarba, A. Paccagnini, S. Donnini, S. Filippi, and F. Moroni Combined inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and nitric oxide synthase modulates neurotoxin release by interferon-{gamma}-activated macrophages J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2000; 68(2): 260 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Pelfrey, R. A. Rudick, A. C. Cotleur, J.-C. Lee, M. Tary-Lehmann, and P. V. Lehmann Quantification of Self-Recognition in Multiple Sclerosis by Single-Cell Analysis of Cytokine Production J. Immunol., August 1, 2000; 165(3): 1641 - 1651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Schwid and J. L. Trotter Lessons from linomide: A failed trial, but not a failure Neurology, May 9, 2000; 54(9): 1716 - 1717. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C H POLMAN, D H MILLER, W I MCDONALD, and A J THOMPSON Treatment recommendations for interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, November 1, 1999; 67(5): 561 - 564. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Kozovska, J. Hong, Y. C. Q. Zang, S. Li, V. M. Rivera, J. M. Killian, and J. Z. Zhang Interferon beta induces T-helper 2 immune deviation in MS Neurology, November 1, 1999; 53(8): 1692 - 1692. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Guy, X. Qi, H. Wang, and W. W. Hauswirth Adenoviral Gene Therapy With Catalase Suppresses Experimental Optic Neuritis Arch Ophthalmol, November 1, 1999; 117(11): 1533 - 1539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A Bitsch, C Wegener, C da Costa, S Bunkowski, C D Reimers, H W Prange, and W Bruck Lesion development in Marburg's type of acute multiple sclerosis: from inflammation to demyelination Multiple Sclerosis, June 1, 1999; 5(3): 138 - 146. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Gayo, L. Mozo, A. Suarez, A. Tunon, C. Lahoz, and C. Gutierrez Interferon beta-1b treatment modulates TNF{alpha} and IFN{gamma} spontaneous gene expression in MS Neurology, June 1, 1999; 52(9): 1764 - 1764. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Bakhiet, V. Ozenci, C. Withagen, M. Mustafa, S. Fredrikson, and H. Link A New Cell Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Demonstrates Gamma Interferon Suppression by Beta Interferon in Multiple Sclerosis Clin. Vaccine Immunol., May 1, 1999; 6(3): 415 - 419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Ruiz, H. Garren, D. L. Hirschberg, A. M. Langer-Gould, M. Levite, M. V. Karpuj, S. Southwood, A. Sette, P. Conlon, and L. Steinman Microbial Epitopes Act as Altered Peptide Ligands to Prevent Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Exp. Med., April 19, 1999; 189(8): 1275 - 1284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. L. Boccaccio, F. Mor, and L. Steinman Non-coding plasmid DNA induces IFN-{gamma} in vivo and suppresses autoimmune encephalomyelitis Int. Immunol., February 1, 1999; 11(2): 289 - 296. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Bongioanni, S. Mosti, G. Moscato, F. Lombardo, C. Manildo, and G. Meucci Decreases in T-Cell Tumor Necrosis Factor {alpha} Binding With Interferon Beta Treatment in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Arch Neurol, January 1, 1999; 56(1): 71 - 78. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Guy, X. Qi, and W. W. Hauswirth Adeno-associated viral-mediated catalase expression suppresses optic neuritis in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis PNAS, November 10, 1998; 95(23): 13847 - 13852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Correale, M. Arias, and W. Gilmore Steroid Hormone Regulation of Cytokine Secretion by Proteolipid Protein-Specific CD4+ T Cell Clones Isolated from Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Normal Control Subjects J. Immunol., October 1, 1998; 161(7): 3365 - 3374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Melrose, N. Tsurushita, G. Liu, and E. L. Berg IFN-{gamma} Inhibits Activation-Induced Expression of E- and P-Selectin on Endothelial Cells J. Immunol., September 1, 1998; 161(5): 2457 - 2464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G Martino, R Furlan, F Galbiati, P L Poliani, A Bergami, L M. Grimaldi, L Adorini, and G Comi A gene therapy approach to treat demyelinating diseases using nonreplicative herpetic vectors engineered to produce cytokines Multiple Sclerosis, June 1, 1998; 4(3): 222 - 227. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. W. van Oosten, F. Barkhof, P. E. T. Scholten, B. M. E. von Blomberg, H. J. Ader, and C. H. Polman Increased Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor {alpha}, and Not of Interferon {gamma}, Preceding Disease Activity in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Arch Neurol, June 1, 1998; 55(6): 793 - 798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Croxford, K. Triantaphyllopoulos, O. L. Podhajcer, M. Feldmann, D. Baker, and Y. Chernajovsky Cytokine Gene Therapy in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis by Injection of Plasmid DNA-Cationic Liposome Complex into the Central Nervous System J. Immunol., May 15, 1998; 160(10): 5181 - 5187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Link The cytokine storm in multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, February 1, 1998; 4(1): 12 - 15. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Ferrante, M. L. Fusi, M. Saresella, D. Caputo, M. Biasin, D. Trabattoni, A. Salvaggio, E. Clerici, J. E. de Vries, G. Aversa, et al. Cytokine Production and Surface Marker Expression in Acute and Stable Multiple Sclerosis: Altered IL-12 Production and Augmented Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule (SLAM)-Expressing Lymphocytes in Acute Multiple Sclerosis J. Immunol., February 1, 1998; 160(3): 1514 - 1521. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. A. Taylor, R. Stauber, S. Rulong, E. Hudson, V. Pei, G. N. Pavlakis, J. H. Resau, and G. F. Vande Woude The Inducibly Expressed GTPase Localizes to the Endoplasmic Reticulum, Independently of GTP Binding J. Biol. Chem., April 18, 1997; 272(16): 10639 - 10645. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. S Panitch Investigational drug therapies for treatment of multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, September 1, 1996; 2(2): 66 - 77. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Durelli, M. Bongioanni, B Ferrero, D Imperiale, E Verdun, A Oggero, E Gentile, G. Bradac, M Bergui, L Bergamini, et al. Long term recombinant interferon alpha treatment in MS with special emphasis to side effects Multiple Sclerosis, June 1, 1996; 1(6): 366 - 371. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J Satoh, D. Paty, and S. Kim Counteracting effect of IFN-{beta} on IFN-{gamma}-induced proliferation of human astrocytes in culture Multiple Sclerosis, April 1, 1996; 1(5): 279 - 287. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Soderstrom, J Hillert, J Link, V Navikas, S Fredrikson, and H Link Expression of IFN-{gamma}, IL-4, and TGF-{beta} in multiple sclerosis in relation to HLA-Dw2 phenotype and stage of disease Multiple Sclerosis, November 1, 1995; 1(3): 173 - 180. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. V. Deshpande, J.-M. Goust, A. K. Chakrabarti, E. Barbosa, E. L. Hogan, and N. L. Banik Calpain Expression in Lymphoid Cells J. Biol. Chem., February 10, 1995; 270(6): 2497 - 2505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Jacobs and K. P. Johnson A Brief History of the Use of Interferons as Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Arch Neurol, December 1, 1994; 51(12): 1245 - 1252. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. H. Silberberg Corticosteroids and Optic Neuritis N. Engl. J. Med., December 9, 1993; 329(24): 1808 - 1810. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. A. Davis and D. Stefoski Is Steroid Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis Superior to Corticotropin Therapy? Arch Neurol, November 1, 1988; 45(11): 1180 - 1180. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. W. MURRAY Interferon-Gamma, the Activated Macrophage, and Host Defense Against Microbial Challenge Ann Intern Med, April 1, 1988; 108(4): 595 - 608. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
