| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Department of Neurology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (Drs. Chui and Victoroff)
Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, Downey, CA (Drs. Chui and Victoroff)
Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, Central San Joaquin Valley Medical Education Program, Fresno, CA (Dr. Margolin)
Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA (Dr. Jagust)
Department of Neurology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA (Dr. Shankle)
Department of Neuroscience, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA (Dr. Katzman).
Accurate diagnosis of vascular dementia is important for the recognition of underlying pathophysiology and the institution of appropriate therapy. It is also important for the determination of the incidence and prevalence of not only vascular dementia but also Alzheimer's disease (AD), since differentiating between these two entities is often problematic. The State of California Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers (ADDTC) herein propose criteria for the diagnosis of ischemic vascular dementia (IVD). These criteria broaden the conceptualization of vascular dementia, include the results of neuroimaging studies, emphasize the importance of neuropathologic confirmation, refine nosology, and identify areas that require further research. Parallel use of the proposed definitions of "possible" and "mixed" categories in the diagnosis of both AD and IVD would ensure compatibility between the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke (NINCDS) criteria for AD and the ADDTC criteria for IVD. Uniform classification of subtypes of IVD will improve the generalizability of individual studies and aid in multicenter collaborations.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Helena Chang Chui, Geriatric Neurobehavior and Alzheimer Center, Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, 12838 Erickson Street, Downey, CA 90242.
Supported by the State of California Department of Health Services, the National Institute on Aging (1P50-AG05142, RO1 AG07624), and the Department of Veterans Affairs Research and Development Service.
All authors are members of the State of California Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers Research Consortium.
Received April 23, 1991. Accepted for publication in final form August 21, 1991.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  T. L. Huang, M. C. Carlson, A. L. Fitzpatrick, L. H. Kuller, L. P. Fried, and P. P. Zandi Knee height and arm span: A reflection of early life environment and risk of dementia Neurology, May 6, 2008; 70(19_Part_2): 1818 - 1826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Moretti, P. Torre, R. M. Antonello, G. Cazzato, and G. Pizzolato Different Responses to Rivastigmine in Subcortical Vascular Dementia and Multi-Infarct Dementia American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, May 1, 2008; 23(2): 167 - 176. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Wiederkehr, M. Simard, C. Fortin, and R. van Reekum Comparability of the Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Vascular Dementia: A Critical Review. Part I J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, May 1, 2008; 20(2): 150 - 161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Wiederkehr, M. Simard, C. Fortin, and R. van Reekum Validity of the Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Vascular Dementia: A Critical Review. Part II J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, May 1, 2008; 20(2): 162 - 177. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. J. Libon, C. C. Price, T. Giovannetti, R. Swenson, B. M. Bettcher, K. M. Heilman, and A. Pennisi Linking MRI Hyperintensities With Patterns of Neuropsychological Impairment: Evidence for a Threshold Effect Stroke, March 1, 2008; 39(3): 806 - 813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Benisty, K. Hernandez, A. Viswanathan, S. Reyes, A. Kurtz, M. O'Sullivan, M.-G. Bousser, M. Dichgans, and H. Chabriat Diagnostic Criteria of Vascular Dementia in CADASIL Stroke, March 1, 2008; 39(3): 838 - 844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. H. Swartz, D. T. Stuss, F. Gao, and S. E. Black Independent Cognitive Effects of Atrophy and Diffuse Subcortical and Thalamico-Cortical Cerebrovascular Disease in Dementia Stroke, March 1, 2008; 39(3): 822 - 830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Libon and K. M. Heilman Assessing the Impact of Vascular Disease in Demented and Nondemented Patients Stroke, March 1, 2008; 39(3): 783 - 784. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Sundelof, V. Giedraitis, M. C. Irizarry, J. Sundstrom, E. Ingelsson, E. Ronnemaa, J. Arnlov, M. D. Gunnarsson, B. T. Hyman, H. Basun, et al. Plasma {beta} Amyloid and the Risk of Alzheimer Disease and Dementia in Elderly Men: A Prospective, Population-Based Cohort Study Arch Neurol, February 1, 2008; 65(2): 256 - 263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Staekenborg, W. M. van der Flier, E. C.W. van Straaten, R. Lane, F. Barkhof, and P. Scheltens Neurological Signs in Relation to Type of Cerebrovascular Disease in Vascular Dementia Stroke, February 1, 2008; 39(2): 317 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Irie, A. L. Fitzpatrick, O. L. Lopez, L. H. Kuller, R. Peila, A. B. Newman, and L. J. Launer Enhanced Risk for Alzheimer Disease in Persons With Type 2 Diabetes and APOE {varepsilon}4: The Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study Arch Neurol, January 1, 2008; 65(1): 89 - 93. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Szekely, J.C.S. Breitner, A. L. Fitzpatrick, T. D. Rea, B. M. Psaty, L. H. Kuller, and P. P. Zandi NSAID use and dementia risk in the Cardiovascular Health Study*: Role of APOE and NSAID type Neurology, January 1, 2008; 70(1): 17 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Laurin, K. H. Masaki, L. R. White, and L. J. Launer Ankle-to-Brachial Index and Dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Circulation, November 13, 2007; 116(20): 2269 - 2274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Tinklenberg, H. C. Kraemer, K. Yaffe, L. Ross, J. Sheikh, J. W. Ashford, J. A. Yesavage, and J. L. Taylor Donepezil Treatment and Alzheimer Disease: Can the Results of Randomized Clinical Trials Be Applied to Alzheimer Disease Patients in Clinical Practice? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, November 1, 2007; 15(11): 953 - 960. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. B. Hall, C. Derby, A. LeValley, M. J. Katz, J. Verghese, and R. B. Lipton Education delays accelerated decline on a memory test in persons who develop dementia Neurology, October 23, 2007; 69(17): 1657 - 1664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Verghese, C. Wang, R. B Lipton, R. Holtzer, and X. Xue Quantitative gait dysfunction and risk of cognitive decline and dementia J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, September 1, 2007; 78(9): 929 - 935. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. V. Bowler Modern concept of vascular cognitive impairment Br. Med. Bull., September 1, 2007; 83(1): 291 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Schmidt, K. Petrovic, S. Ropele, C. Enzinger, and F. Fazekas Progression of Leukoaraiosis and Cognition Stroke, September 1, 2007; 38(9): 2619 - 2625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Jagust, B. Reed, D. Mungas, W. Ellis, and C. DeCarli What does fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging add to a clinical diagnosis of dementia? Neurology, August 28, 2007; 69(9): 871 - 877. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. S. Saczynski, L. White, R. L. Peila, B. L. Rodriguez, and L. J. Launer The Relation between Apolipoprotein A-I and Dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Am. J. Epidemiol., May 1, 2007; 165(9): 985 - 992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Stewart, L. R. White, Q.-L. Xue, and L. J. Launer Twenty-six-Year Change in Total Cholesterol Levels and Incident Dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Arch Neurol, January 1, 2007; 64(1): 103 - 107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Yoshita, E. Fletcher, D. Harvey, M. Ortega, O. Martinez, D. M. Mungas, B. R. Reed, and C. S. DeCarli Extent and distribution of white matter hyperintensities in normal aging, MCI, and AD Neurology, December 26, 2006; 67(12): 2192 - 2198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Akomolafe, A. Beiser, J. B. Meigs, R. Au, R. C. Green, L. A. Farrer, P. A. Wolf, and S. Seshadri Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Developing Alzheimer Disease: Results From the Framingham Study Arch Neurol, November 1, 2006; 63(11): 1551 - 1555. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Gamaldo, A. Moghekar, S. Kilada, S. M. Resnick, A. B. Zonderman, and R. O'Brien Effect of a clinical stroke on the risk of dementia in a prospective cohort Neurology, October 24, 2006; 67(8): 1363 - 1369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. S.C. Korf, L. R. White, P. Scheltens, and L. J. Launer Brain Aging in Very Old Men With Type 2 Diabetes: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Diabetes Care, October 1, 2006; 29(10): 2268 - 2274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Blacker and S. Lovestone Genetics and Dementia Nosology J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, September 1, 2006; 19(3): 186 - 191. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Hachinski, C. Iadecola, R. C. Petersen, M. M. Breteler, D. L. Nyenhuis, S. E. Black, W. J. Powers, C. DeCarli, J. G. Merino, R. N. Kalaria, et al. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network Vascular Cognitive Impairment Harmonization Standards Stroke, September 1, 2006; 37(9): 2220 - 2241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Peila, L. R. White, K. Masaki, H. Petrovitch, and L. J. Launer Reducing the Risk of Dementia: Efficacy of Long-Term Treatment of Hypertension Stroke, May 1, 2006; 37(5): 1165 - 1170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Saczynski, L. A. Pfeifer, K. Masaki, E. S. C. Korf, D. Laurin, L. White, and L. J. Launer The Effect of Social Engagement on Incident Dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2006; 163(5): 433 - 440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Freitag, R. Peila, K. Masaki, H. Petrovitch, G. W. Ross, L. R. White, and L. J. Launer Midlife Pulse Pressure and Incidence of Dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Stroke, January 1, 2006; 37(1): 33 - 37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. I Ramos, L. H Allen, D. M Mungas, W. J Jagust, M. N Haan, R. Green, and J. W Miller Low folate status is associated with impaired cognitive function and dementia in the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2005; 82(6): 1346 - 1352. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J V Bowler Vascular cognitive impairment J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, December 1, 2005; 76(suppl_5): v35 - v44. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. B. Hall, J. Verghese, M. Sliwinski, Z. Chen, M. Katz, C. Derby, and R. B. Lipton Dementia incidence may increase more slowly after age 90: Results from the Bronx Aging Study Neurology, September 27, 2005; 65(6): 882 - 886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. C. Price, A. L. Jefferson, J. G. Merino, K. M. Heilman, and D. J. Libon Subcortical vascular dementia: Integrating neuropsychological and neuroradiologic data Neurology, August 9, 2005; 65(3): 376 - 382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. D. Rea, J. C. Breitner, B. M. Psaty, A. L. Fitzpatrick, O. L. Lopez, A. B. Newman, W. R. Hazzard, P. P. Zandi, G. L. Burke, C. G. Lyketsos, et al. Statin Use and the Risk of Incident Dementia: The Cardiovascular Health Study Arch Neurol, July 1, 2005; 62(7): 1047 - 1051. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. L. Lopez, L. H. Kuller, J. T. Becker, W. J. Jagust, S. T. DeKosky, A. Fitzpatrick, J. Breitner, C. Lyketsos, C. Kawas, and M. Carlson Classification of vascular dementia in the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study Neurology, May 10, 2005; 64(9): 1539 - 1547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. H. Kuller, O. L. Lopez, W. J. Jagust, J. T. Becker, S. T. DeKosky, C. Lyketsos, C. Kawas, J.C.S. Breitner, A. Fitzpatrick, and C. Dulberg Determinants of vascular dementia in the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study Neurology, May 10, 2005; 64(9): 1548 - 1552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. J. Podewils, E. Guallar, L. H. Kuller, L. P. Fried, O. L. Lopez, M. Carlson, and C. G. Lyketsos Physical Activity, APOE Genotype, and Dementia Risk: Findings from the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study Am. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2005; 161(7): 639 - 651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. R. Shankle, A. K. Romney, J. Hara, D. Fortier, M. B. Dick, J. M. Chen, T. Chan, and X. Sun Methods to improve the detection of mild cognitive impairment PNAS, March 29, 2005; 102(13): 4919 - 4924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. L. Chao, N. Schuff, J. H. Kramer, A. T. Du, A. A. Capizzano, J. O'Neill, O. M. Wolkowitz, W. J. Jagust, H. C. Chui, B. L. Miller, et al. Reduced medial temporal lobe N-acetylaspartate in cognitively impaired but nondemented patients Neurology, January 25, 2005; 64(2): 282 - 289. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Stewart, K. Masaki, Q.-L. Xue, R. Peila, H. Petrovitch, L. R. White, and L. J. Launer A 32-Year Prospective Study of Change in Body Weight and Incident Dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Arch Neurol, January 1, 2005; 62(1): 55 - 60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. R. Reed, J. L. Eberling, D. Mungas, M. Weiner, J. H. Kramer, and W. J. Jagust Effects of White Matter Lesions and Lacunes on Cortical Function Arch Neurol, October 1, 2004; 61(10): 1545 - 1550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. G. Ballard, E. J. Burton, R. Barber, S. Stephens, R. A. Kenny, R. N. Kalaria, and J. T. O'Brien NINDS AIREN neuroimaging criteria do not distinguish stroke patients with and without dementia Neurology, September 28, 2004; 63(6): 983 - 988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. D. Abbott, L. R. White, G. W. Ross, K. H. Masaki, J. D. Curb, and H. Petrovitch Walking and Dementia in Physically Capable Elderly Men JAMA, September 22, 2004; 292(12): 1447 - 1453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Peila, B. L. Rodriguez, L. R. White, and L. J. Launer Fasting insulin and incident dementia in an elderly population of Japanese-American men Neurology, July 27, 2004; 63(2): 228 - 233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Tullberg, E. Fletcher, C. DeCarli, D. Mungas, B. R. Reed, D. J. Harvey, M. W. Weiner, H. C. Chui, and W. J. Jagust White matter lesions impair frontal lobe function regardless of their location Neurology, July 27, 2004; 63(2): 246 - 253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. L. Seliger, D. S. Siscovick, C. O. Stehman-Breen, D. L. Gillen, A. Fitzpatrick, A. Bleyer, and L. H. Kuller Moderate Renal Impairment and Risk of Dementia among Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2004; 15(7): 1904 - 1911. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. S.C. Korf, L. R. White, P. Scheltens, and L. J. Launer Midlife Blood Pressure and the Risk of Hippocampal Atrophy: The Honolulu Asia Aging Study Hypertension, July 1, 2004; 44(1): 29 - 34. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. V. Bowler Editorial Comment--Dementia After Stroke Stroke, June 1, 2004; 35(6): 1268 - 1269. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Adair, J. Charlie, J. E. Dencoff, J. A. Kaye, J. F. Quinn, R. M. Camicioli, W. G. Stetler-Stevenson, and G. A. Rosenberg Measurement of Gelatinase B (MMP-9) in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer Disease Stroke, June 1, 2004; 35(6): e159 - e162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S. Ivan, S. Seshadri, A. Beiser, R. Au, C. S. Kase, M. Kelly-Hayes, and P. A. Wolf Dementia After Stroke: The Framingham Study Stroke, June 1, 2004; 35(6): 1264 - 1268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Laurin, K. H. Masaki, D. J. Foley, L. R. White, and L. J. Launer Midlife Dietary Intake of Antioxidants and Risk of Late-Life Incident Dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Am. J. Epidemiol., May 15, 2004; 159(10): 959 - 967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. R. Edwards, K. Lindquist, and K. Yaffe Clinical profile and course of cognitively normal patients evaluated in memory disorders clinics Neurology, May 11, 2004; 62(9): 1639 - 1642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Mok, T. W. Chow, L. Zheng, W. J. Mack, and C. Miller Clinicopathological concordance of dementia diagnoses by community versus tertiary care clinicians American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, May 1, 2004; 19(3): 161 - 165. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Erkinjuntti, G. Roman, S. Gauthier, H. Feldman, and K. Rockwood Emerging Therapies for Vascular Dementia and Vascular Cognitive Impairment Stroke, April 1, 2004; 35(4): 1010 - 1017. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Kang, S. H. Choi, B. H. Lee, Y. Jeong, D. S. Hahm, I. W. Han, J. L. Cummings, and D. L. Na Caregiver-Administered Neuropsychiatric Inventory (CGA-NPI) J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, March 1, 2004; 17(1): 32 - 35. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S Della Sala, H Spinnler, and A Venneri Walking difficulties in patients with Alzheimer's disease might originate from gait apraxia J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, February 1, 2004; 75(2): 196 - 201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N L Graham, T Emery, and J R Hodges Distinctive cognitive profiles in Alzheimer's disease and subcortical vascular dementia J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, January 1, 2004; 75(1): 61 - 71. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Verghese, R. B. Lipton, C. B. Hall, G. Kuslansky, and M. J. Katz Low blood pressure and the risk of dementia in very old individuals Neurology, December 23, 2003; 61(12): 1667 - 1672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
