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Hippocampal connectivity and Alzheimer's dementia

Effects of synapse loss and tangle frequency in a two-component model

Department of Neurosciences (Drs. Samuel, Masliah, Hill, and Terry), University of California, San Diego, and the Department of Psychiatry (Dr. Butters), Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA.

Our prior research on patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) found a high correspondence between premortem dementia and accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) with concurrent loss of synapse density in several brain regions. In the present study, we examined these same clinicopathologic relationships in the context of seven subregions of the hippocampal formation using a sample of 16 AD patients who had been administered three well-known mental status tests antemortem. We found NFT counts to be most strongly correlated with degree of dementia when they were seen in CA1, the subiculum, and CA4; NFTs in these subregions appeared significantly clustered on factor analysis. Synapse loss was most strongly correlated with dementia when it occurred in the molecular layers of the dentate fasciculus and stratum lacunosum, CA2/3, and CA4; synapse loss in these subregions appeared significantly clustered on factor analysis. In general, these results were compatible with a two-component model of hippocampal connectivity and function in the context of AD. The first component consists of subregions preceding CA1 in a hypothesized input-processing sequence intrinsic to the hippocampus that summates neuronal excitation and that influences cognition primarily through synapse density. The second component consists of an "output module," mainly CA1 and the subiculum, that receives the processed signal, passes it on to extrahippocampal cortical and subcortical targets, and affects cognition primarily by NFT accumulation in output neurons. A "net pathology" score combining standardized z-scores for synapse density and NFTs was significantly correlated with all three mental status measures in all hippocampal subregions except the entorhinal cortex, and stepwise regressions on these data found net pathology in CA4 to be the most independent significant predictor of premortem dementia.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. William Samuel, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MTF 351, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624.

Supported by a Physician Scientist award to W.S. from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant AG000353 and by NIH grants AG0821, AG08205, and AG10689. Additional support was provided by National Institutes of Aging grant AG05131 and by a contract from the State of California Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers.

Received February 1, 1994. Accepted in final form May 10, 1994.

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