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Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (Drs. Welsh, Fillenbanm, and Heyman)
Veterans Administration Medical Center and University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (Dr. Butters)
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (Dr. Mohs)
University of Washington, Seattle, WA (D. Beekly and S. Edland).
The neuropsychological tests developed for the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) are currently used to measure cognitive impairments of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in clinical investigations of this disorder. This report presents the normative information for the CERAD battery, obtained in a large sample (n = 413) of control subjects (ages 50 to 89) who were enrolled in 23 university medical centers in the United States participating in the CERAD study from 1987 to 1992. We compared separately the performance of subjects with high (
12) and low (<12) years of formal education. For many of the individual cognitive measures in the highly educated group, we observed significant age and gender effects. Only the praxis measure showed a significant age effect in the low-education group. Delayed recall, when adjusted for amount of material acquired (savings), was relatively unaffected by age, gender, and level of education. Our findings suggest that the savings scores, in particular, may be useful in distinguishing between AD and normal aging.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Kathleen Welsh, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, 2200 West Main Street, Suite A-230, Durham, NC 27705.
Supported by NIA grants AG06790 and AG05128 to Duke University Medical Center by funds from the Veterans Administration, Washington, DC, and NIA grants AG08024 and AG05131 to the University of California at San Diego, CA.
Received August 4, 1993. Accepted for publication in final form September 15, 1993.
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D. Mungas, B. R. Reed, W. J. Jagust, C. DeCarli, W. J. Mack, J. H. Kramer, M. W. Weiner, N. Schuff, and H. C. Chui Volumetric MRI predicts rate of cognitive decline related to AD and cerebrovascular disease Neurology, September 24, 2002; 59(6): 867 - 873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. S. Wilson, L. L. Barnes, C. F. Mendes de Leon, N. T. Aggarwal, J. S. Schneider, J. Bach, J. Pilat, L. A. Beckett, S. E. Arnold, D. A. Evans, et al. Depressive symptoms, cognitive decline, and risk of AD in older persons Neurology, August 13, 2002; 59(3): 364 - 370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. S. Wilson, J. A. Schneider, L. L. Barnes, L. A. Beckett, N. T. Aggarwal, E. J. Cochran, E. Berry-Kravis, J. Bach, J. H. Fox, D. A. Evans, et al. The Apolipoprotein E {epsilon}4 Allele and Decline in Different Cognitive Systems During a 6-Year Period Arch Neurol, July 1, 2002; 59(7): 1154 - 1160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Riemenschneider, S. Wagenpfeil, J. Diehl, N. Lautenschlager, T. Theml, B. Heldmann, A. Drzezga, T. Jahn, H. Forstl, and A. Kurz Tau and A{beta}42 protein in CSF of patients with frontotemporal degeneration Neurology, June 11, 2002; 58(11): 1622 - 1628. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Pratico, C. M. Clark, F. Liun, V. Y.-M. Lee, and J. Q. Trojanowski Increase of Brain Oxidative Stress in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Possible Predictor of Alzheimer Disease Arch Neurol, June 1, 2002; 59(6): 972 - 976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. M. Gosche, J. A. Mortimer, C. D. Smith, W. R. Markesbery, and D. A. Snowdon Hippocampal volume as an index of Alzheimer neuropathology: Findings from the Nun Study Neurology, May 28, 2002; 58(10): 1476 - 1482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M Riemenschneider, J Diehl, U Muller, H Forstl, and A Kurz Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in German patients with frontotemporal degeneration J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, May 1, 2002; 72(5): 639 - 641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. S. Wilson, C. F. Mendes de Leon, L. L. Barnes, J. A. Schneider, J. L. Bienias, D. A. Evans, and D. A. Bennett Participation in Cognitively Stimulating Activities and Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease JAMA, February 13, 2002; 287(6): 742 - 748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Mungas, W. J. Jagust, B. R. Reed, J. H. Kramer, M. W. Weiner, N. Schuff, D. Norman, W. J. Mack, L. Willis, and H. C. Chui MRI predictors of cognition in subcortical ischemic vascular disease and Alzheimer's disease Neurology, December 26, 2001; 57(12): 2229 - 2235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F E Chukwudelunzu, J F Meschia, N R Graff-Radford, and J A Lucas Extensive metabolic and neuropsychological abnormalities associated with discrete infarction of the genu of the internal capsule J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, November 1, 2001; 71(5): 658 - 662. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Collie, P. Maruff, R. Shafiq-Antonacci, M. Smith, M. Hallup, P. R. Schofield, C. L. Masters, and J. Currie Memory decline in healthy older people: Implications for identifying mild cognitive impairment Neurology, June 12, 2001; 56(11): 1533 - 1538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. S. Derrer, D. B. Howieson, E. A. Mueller, R. M. Camicioli, G. Sexton, and J. A. Kaye Memory Testing in Dementia: How Much Is Enough? J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, March 1, 2001; 14(1): 1 - 6. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. M. Hoffman, K. A. Welsh-Bohmer, M. Hanson, B. Crain, C. Hulette, N. Earl, and R. E. Coleman FDG PET Imaging in Patients with Pathologically Verified Dementia J. Nucl. Med., November 1, 2000; 41(11): 1920 - 1928. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. S. Moudgil, M. Azzouz, A. Al-Azzaz, M. Haut, and L. Gutmann Amnesia due to Fornix Infarction Stroke, June 1, 2000; 31(6): 1418 - 1419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. T. Tschanz, K. A. Welsh-Bohmer, I. Skoog, N. West, M. C. Norton, B. W. Wyse, R. Nickles, and J. C. S. Breitner Dementia diagnoses from clinical and neuropsychological data compared: The Cache County study Neurology, March 28, 2000; 54(6): 1290 - 1296. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. P. Riley, D. A. Snowdon, A. M. Saunders, A. D. Roses, J. A. Mortimer, and N. Nanayakkara Cognitive Function and Apolipoprotein E in Very Old Adults: Findings From the Nun Study J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., March 1, 2000; 55(2): 69S - 75. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. C. Morris, P. A. Scherr, L. E. Hebert, D. A. Bennett, R. S. Wilson, R. J. Glynn, and D. A. Evans The Cross-sectional Association Between Blood Pressure and Alzheimer's Disease in a Biracial Community Population of Older Persons J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., March 1, 2000; 55(3): 130M - 136. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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F. Manes, J. Springer, R. Jorge, and R. G Robinson Verbal memory impairment after left insular cortex infarction J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, October 1, 1999; 67(4): 532 - 534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M. Clark, L. Sheppard, G. G. Fillenbaum, D. Galasko, J. C. Morris, E. Koss, R. Mohs, A. Heyman, and and the CERAD Investigators Variability in Annual Mini-Mental State Examination Score in Patients With Probable Alzheimer Disease: A Clinical Perspective of Data From the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Arch Neurol, July 1, 1999; 56(7): 857 - 862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. D. Bird, D. Nochlin, P. Poorkaj, M. Cherrier, J. Kaye, H. Payami, E. Peskind, T. H. Lampe, E. Nemens, P. J. Boyer, et al. A clinical pathological comparison of three families with frontotemporal dementia and identical mutations in the tau gene (P301L) Brain, April 1, 1999; 122(4): 741 - 756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. F. Newman, D. T. Laskowitz, A. M. Saunders, A. M. Grigore, and H. P. Grocott Genetic Predictors of Perioperative Neurologic and Neuropsychological Injury and Recovery Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, March 1, 1999; 3(1): 34 - 46. [Abstract] [PDF]
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D. A. Snowdon, L. H. Greiner, J. A. Mortimer, K. P. Riley, P. A. Greiner, and W. R. Markesbery Brain Infarction and the Clinical Expression of Alzheimer Disease: The Nun Study JAMA, March 12, 1997; 277(10): 813 - 817. [Abstract] [PDF]
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