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Article abstract-The apolipoprotein-epsilon4 allele increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but cerebral deposition of beta-amyloid with age, a genetic mutation, or head injury may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. We examined the risks of AD associated with traumatic head injury and apolipoprotein-epsilon4 in 236 community-dwelling elderly persons. A 10-fold increase in the risk of AD was associated with both apolipoprotein-epsilon4 and a history of traumatic head injury, compared with a two-fold increase in risk with apolipoprotein-epsilon4 alone. Head injury in the absence of an apolipoprotein-epsilon4 allele did not increase risk. These data imply that the biological effects of head injury may increase the risk of AD, but only through a synergistic relationship with apolipoprotein-epsilon4.
NEUROLOGY 1995;45: 555-557
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B. L. Plassman, R. J. Havlik, D. C. Steffens, M. J. Helms, T. N. Newman, D. Drosdick, C. Phillips, B. A. Gau, K. A. Welsh-Bohmer, J. R. Burke, et al. Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias Neurology, October 24, 2000; 55(8): 1158 - 1166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Guo, L. A. Cupples, A. Kurz, S. H. Auerbach, L. Volicer, H. Chui, R. C. Green, A. D. Sadovnick, R. Duara, C. DeCarli, et al. Head injury and the risk of AD in the MIRAGE study Neurology, March 28, 2000; 54(6): 1316 - 1323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Tesseur, J. Van Dorpe, K. Spittaels, C. Van den Haute, D. Moechars, and F. Van Leuven Expression of Human Apolipoprotein E4 in Neurons Causes Hyperphosphorylation of Protein Tau in the Brains of Transgenic Mice Am. J. Pathol., March 1, 2000; 156(3): 951 - 964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Buttini, M. Orth, S. Bellosta, H. Akeefe, R. E. Pitas, T. Wyss-Coray, L. Mucke, and R. W. Mahley Expression of Human Apolipoprotein E3 or E4 in the Brains of Apoe-/- Mice: Isoform-Specific Effects on Neurodegeneration J. Neurosci., June 15, 1999; 19(12): 4867 - 4880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. J. Launer, K. Andersen, M. E. Dewey, L. Letenneur, A. Ott, L. A. Amaducci, C. Brayne, J. R. M. Copeland, J.-F. Dartigues, P. Kragh-Sorensen, et al. Rates and risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Results from EURODEM pooled analyses Neurology, January 1, 1999; 52(1): 78 - 78. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Friedman, P. Froom, L. Sazbon, I. Grinblatt, M. Shochina, J. Tsenter, S. Babaey, A. B. Yehuda, and Z. Groswasser Apolipoprotein E-{epsilon}4 genotype predicts a poor outcome in survivors of traumatic brain injury Neurology, January 1, 1999; 52(2): 244 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. M Esiri, S. C Biddolph, and C. S Morris Prevalence of Alzheimer plaques in AIDS J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, July 1, 1998; 65(1): 29 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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B. D. Jordan, N. R. Relkin, L. D. Ravdin, A. R. Jacobs, A. Bennett, and S. Gandy Apolipoprotein E isin4 Associated With Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury in Boxing JAMA, July 9, 1997; 278(2): 136 - 140. [Abstract] [PDF]
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