|
|
||||||||
*See page 910 for Committee members.
From the Department of Neurology (Dr. Lublin), Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA; and the Research and Medical Programs Department (Dr. Reingold), National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA), New York, NY.
Received August 9, 1995. Accepted in final form August 18, 1995.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr Lublin, Department of Neurology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA.
Standardization of terminology used to describe the pattern and course of MS is essential for mutual understanding between clinicians and investigators.It is particularly important in design of, and recruitment for, clinical trials statistically powered for expected outcomes for given patient populations with narrowly defined entry criteria. For agents that prove safe and effective for MS, knowledge of the patient populations in definitive clinical trials assists clinicians in determining who may ultimately benefit from use of the medication. An international survey of clinicians involved with MS revealed areas of consensus about some terms classically used to describe types of the disease and other areas for which there was lack of consensus. In this report, we provide a summary of the survey results and propose standardized definitions for the most common clinical courses of patients with MS.
NEUROLOGY 1996;46: 907-911
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
C Iarlori, D Gambi, A Lugaresi, A Patruno, M Felaco, M Salvatore, L Speranza, and M Reale Reduction of free radicals in multiple sclerosis: effect of glatiramer acetate (Copaxone(R)) Multiple Sclerosis, July 1, 2008; 14(6): 739 - 748. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J Kraus, K Voigt, A. Schuller, M Scholz, K. Kim, M Schilling, W. Schabitz, P Oschmann, and B Engelhardt Interferon-{beta} stabilizes barrier characteristics of the blood-brain barrier in four different species in vitro Multiple Sclerosis, July 1, 2008; 14(6): 843 - 852. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M Koch, J De Keyser, and H Tremlett Timing of birth and disease progression in multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, July 1, 2008; 14(6): 793 - 798. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. Tecchio, G. Zito, F. Zappasodi, M. L. Dell' Acqua, D. Landi, D. Nardo, D. Lupoi, P. M. Rossini, and M. M. Filippi Intra-cortical connectivity in multiple sclerosis: a neurophysiological approach Brain, July 1, 2008; 131(7): 1783 - 1792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. F. Lucchinetti, R. H. Gavrilova, I. Metz, J. E. Parisi, B. W. Scheithauer, S. Weigand, K. Thomsen, J. Mandrekar, A. Altintas, B. J. Erickson, et al. Clinical and radiographic spectrum of pathologically confirmed tumefactive multiple sclerosis Brain, July 1, 2008; 131(7): 1759 - 1775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. J. Williams, H. J. Skinner, and B. L. Maria Increased Intracranial Pressure in a Case of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis J Child Neurol, June 1, 2008; 23(6): 699 - 702. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Hebb, C. Moore, V Bhan, T Campbell, J. Fisk, H. Robertson, M Thorne, E Lacasse, M Holcik, J Gillard, et al. Expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family in multiple sclerosis reveals a potential immunomodulatory role during autoimmune mediated demyelination Multiple Sclerosis, June 1, 2008; 14(5): 577 - 594. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S Minden, D Hoaglin, S Jureidini, L Hadden, D Frankel, Y Komatsuzaki, and J Outley Disease-modifying agents in the Sonya Slifka Longitudinal Multiple Sclerosis Study Multiple Sclerosis, June 1, 2008; 14(5): 640 - 655. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Melcon, L Gold, A Carra, F Caceres, J Correale, E Cristiano, N Fernandez Liguori, O Garcea, G Luetic, M Kremenchutzky, et al. Argentine Patagonia: prevalence and clinical features of multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, June 1, 2008; 14(5): 656 - 662. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S Bramow, J. Faber-Rod, C Jacobsen, A Kutzelnigg, P Patrikios, P. Sorensen, H Lassmann, and H Laursen Fatal neurogenic pulmonary edema in a patient with progressive multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, June 1, 2008; 14(5): 711 - 715. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F Martinelli Boneschi, B Colombo, P Annovazzi, V Martinelli, L Bernasconi, C Solaro, and G Comi Lifetime and actual prevalence of pain and headache in multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, May 1, 2008; 14(4): 514 - 521. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. Galimberti, C. Fenoglio, C. Comi, D. Scalabrini, M. De Riz, M. Leone, E. Venturelli, F. Cortini, M. Piola, F. Monaco, et al. MDC/CCL22 intrathecal levels in patients with multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, May 1, 2008; 14(4): 547 - 549. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Marignier, J. De Seze, S. Vukusic, F. Durand-Dubief, H. Zephir, P. Vermersch, P. Cabre, G. Cavillon, J. Honnorat, and C. Confavreux NMO-IgG and Devic's neuromyelitis optica: a French experience Multiple Sclerosis, May 1, 2008; 14(4): 440 - 445. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Miller, V. Spada, D. Beerkircher, and R. R. Kreitman Long-term (up to 22 years), open-label, compassionate-use study of glatiramer acetate in relapsing--remitting multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, May 1, 2008; 14(4): 494 - 499. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Fainardi, R. Rizzo, L. Melchiorri, M. Stignani, M. Castellazzi, C. Tamborino, E. Paolino, M. Tola, E. Granieri, and O. Baricordi CSF levels of soluble HLA-G and Fas molecules are inversely associated to MRI evidence of disease activity in patients with relapsing--remitting multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, May 1, 2008; 14(4): 446 - 454. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. D Goldman, R. A. Marrie, and J. A Cohen Evaluation of the six-minute walk in multiple sclerosis subjects and healthy controls Multiple Sclerosis, April 1, 2008; 14(3): 383 - 390. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Tremlett, Yinshan Zhao, and V. Devonshire Natural history of secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, April 1, 2008; 14(3): 314 - 324. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Parratt, R. Tavendale, J. O'Riordan, D. Parratt, and R. Swingler Chlamydia pneumoniae-specific serum immune complexes in patients with multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, April 1, 2008; 14(3): 292 - 299. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. L. Sicotte, K. C. Kern, B. S. Giesser, A. Arshanapalli, A. Schultz, M. Montag, H. Wang, and S. Y. Bookheimer Regional hippocampal atrophy in multiple sclerosis Brain, April 1, 2008; 131(4): 1134 - 1141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. L. Minden, D. C. Hoaglin, L. Hadden, D. Frankel, T. Robbins, and J. Perloff Access to and utilization of neurologists by people with multiple sclerosis Neurology, March 25, 2008; 70(13_Part_2): 1141 - 1149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. J. Kragt, A. J. Thompson, X. Montalban, M. Tintore, J. Rio, C. H. Polman, and B.M.J. Uitdehaag Responsiveness and predictive value of EDSS and MSFC in primary progressive MS Neurology, March 25, 2008; 70(13_Part_2): 1084 - 1091. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Strasser-Fuchs, C. Enzinger, S. Ropele, M. Wallner, and F. Fazekas Clinically benign multiple sclerosis despite large T2 lesion load: Can we explain this paradox? Multiple Sclerosis, March 1, 2008; 14(2): 205 - 211. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. K. Fisniku, P. A. Brex, D. R. Altmann, K. A. Miszkiel, C. E. Benton, R. Lanyon, A. J. Thompson, and D. H. Miller Disability and T2 MRI lesions: a 20-year follow-up of patients with relapse onset of multiple sclerosis Brain, March 1, 2008; 131(3): 808 - 817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Zivadinov, A.C. Banas, V. Yella, N. Abdelrahman, B. Weinstock-Guttman, and M.G. Dwyer Comparison of Three Different Methods for Measurement of Cervical Cord Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., February 1, 2008; 29(2): 319 - 325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Di Perri, M. Battaglini, M. L. Stromillo, M. L. Bartolozzi, L. Guidi, A. Federico, and N. De Stefano Voxel-Based Assessment of Differences in Damage and Distribution of White Matter Lesions Between Patients With Primary Progressive and Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Arch Neurol, February 1, 2008; 65(2): 236 - 243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. P. D. Henderson, S. A. Trip, P. G. Schlottmann, D. R. Altmann, D. F. Garway-Heath, G. T. Plant, and D. H. Miller An investigation of the retinal nerve fibre layer in progressive multiple sclerosis using optical coherence tomography Brain, January 1, 2008; 131(1): 277 - 287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R.A. Marrie and M. Goldman Validity of performance scales for disability assessment in multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, November 1, 2007; 13(9): 1176 - 1182. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. G. Brown, S. Kirby, C. Skedgel, J. D. Fisk, T. J. Murray, V. Bhan, and I. S. Sketris How effective are disease-modifying drugs in delaying progression in relapsing-onset MS? Neurology, October 9, 2007; 69(15): 1498 - 1507. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Calabrese, N. De Stefano, M. Atzori, V. Bernardi, I. Mattisi, L. Barachino, A. Morra, L. Rinaldi, C. Romualdi, P. Perini, et al. Detection of Cortical Inflammatory Lesions by Double Inversion Recovery Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Arch Neurol, October 1, 2007; 64(10): 1416 - 1422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A.M. Bamer, K. Cetin, D. Amtmann, J.D. Bowen, and K.L. Johnson Comparing a self report questionnaire with physician assessment for determining multiple sclerosis clinical disease course: a validation study Multiple Sclerosis, September 1, 2007; 13(8): 1033 - 1037. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Cetin, K.L. Johnson, D.M. Ehde, C.M. Kuehn, D. Amtmann, and G.H. Kraft Antidepressant use in multiple sclerosis: epidemiologic study of a large community sample Multiple Sclerosis, September 1, 2007; 13(8): 1046 - 1053. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
O. Ciccarelli, C.A. Wheeler-Kingshott, M.A. McLean, M. Cercignani, K. Wimpey, D.H. Miller, and A.J. Thompson Spinal cord spectroscopy and diffusion-based tractography to assess acute disability in multiple sclerosis Brain, August 1, 2007; 130(8): 2220 - 2231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Pulizzi, M. Rovaris, E. Judica, M. P. Sormani, V. Martinelli, G. Comi, and M. Filippi Determinants of Disability in Multiple Sclerosis at Various Disease Stages: A Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Study Arch Neurol, August 1, 2007; 64(8): 1163 - 1168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. Agosta, M. Absinta, M. P. Sormani, A. Ghezzi, A. Bertolotto, E. Montanari, G. Comi, and M. Filippi In vivo assessment of cervical cord damage in MS patients: a longitudinal diffusion tensor MRI study Brain, August 1, 2007; 130(8): 2211 - 2219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. D. Sadovnick, P. Duquette, B. Herrera, I.M.L. Yee, and G. C. Ebers A timing-of-birth effect on multiple sclerosis clinical phenotype Neurology, July 3, 2007; 69(1): 60 - 62. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. Patti, C. Pozzilli, E. Montanari, A. Pappalardo, L. Piazza, A. Levi, E. Onesti, I. Pesci, and the Italian Study Group on Quality of Life in MS Effects of education level and employment status on HRQoL in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, July 1, 2007; 13(6): 783 - 791. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. H.B. Benedict, J. Bruce, M. G. Dwyer, B. Weinstock-Guttman, C. Tjoa, E. Tavazzi, F. E. Munschauer, and R. Zivadinov Diffusion-weighted imaging predicts cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, July 1, 2007; 13(6): 722 - 730. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Ukkonen, X. Wu, B. Reipert, P. Dastidar, and I. Elovaara Cell surface adhesion molecules and cytokine profiles in primary progressive multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, July 1, 2007; 13(6): 701 - 707. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Renoux, S. Vukusic, Y. Mikaeloff, G. Edan, M. Clanet, B. Dubois, M. Debouverie, B. Brochet, C. Lebrun-Frenay, J. Pelletier, et al. Natural History of Multiple Sclerosis with Childhood Onset N. Engl. J. Med., June 21, 2007; 356(25): 2603 - 2613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. Datta, H.F. Harbo, L.P. Ryder, E. Akesson, J. Benedikz, E.G. Celius, O. Andersen, K.-M. Myhr, M. Sandberg-Wollheim, J. Hillert, et al. A follow-up study of Nordic multiple sclerosis candidate gene regions Multiple Sclerosis, June 1, 2007; 13(5): 584 - 589. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
O. Khan Can clinical outcomes be used to detect neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis? Neurology, May 29, 2007; 68(22_suppl_3): S64 - S71. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Rovaris, G. Comi, M. Rocca, P. Valsasina, D. Ladkani, E. Pieri, S. Weiss, G. Shifroni, J. Wolinsky, M. Filippi, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients treated with glatiramer acetate: a multicentre, multinational extension of the European/Canadian double-blind, placebo-controlled, MRI-monitored trial Multiple Sclerosis, May 1, 2007; 13(4): 502 - 508. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S.L. Minden, D. Frankel, L. Hadden, and D.C. Hoaglin Access to health care for people with multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, May 1, 2007; 13(4): 547 - 558. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. Leocani, E. Comi, P. Annovazzi, M. Rovaris, P. Rossi, M. Cursi, M. Comola, V. Martinelli, and G. Comi Impaired Short-term Motor Learning in Multiple Sclerosis: Evidence From Virtual Reality Neurorehabil Neural Repair, May 1, 2007; 21(3): 273 - 278. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A.M. Saindane, M. Law, Y. Ge, G. Johnson, J.S. Babb, and R.I. Grossman Correlation of Diffusion Tensor and Dynamic Perfusion MR Imaging Metrics in Normal-Appearing Corpus Callosum: Support for Primary Hypoperfusion in Multiple Sclerosis AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., April 1, 2007; 28(4): 767 - 772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Giovannelli, G. Borriello, P. Castri, L. Prosperini, and C. Pozzilli Early physiotherapy after injection of botulinum toxin increases the beneficial effects on spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis Clinical Rehabilitation, April 1, 2007; 21(4): 331 - 337. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. Patti, M.P. Amato, M.A. Battaglia, M. Pitaro, P. Russo, C. Solaro, and M. Trojano Caregiver quality of life in multiple sclerosis: a multicentre Italian study Multiple Sclerosis, April 1, 2007; 13(3): 412 - 419. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. Sarchielli, M. Zaffaroni, A. Floridi, L. Greco, A. Candeliere, A. Mattioni, S. Tenaglia, M. Di Filippo, and P. Calabresi Production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor by mononuclear cells of patients with multiple sclerosis treated with glatiramer acetate, interferon-{beta} 1a, and high doses of immunoglobulins Multiple Sclerosis, April 1, 2007; 13(3): 313 - 331. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. Scherer, I.K. Penner, A. Rohr, H. Boldt, I. Ringel, H. Wilke-Burger, E. Burger-Deinerth, K. Isakowitsch, M. Zimmermann, S. Zahrnt, et al. The Faces Symbol Test, a newly developed screening instrument to assess cognitive decline related to multiple sclerosis: first results of the Berlin Multi-Centre FST Validation Study Multiple Sclerosis, April 1, 2007; 13(3): 402 - 411. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G R Davies, A Hadjiprocopis, D R Altmann, D T Chard, C M Griffin, W Rashid, G J Parker, P S Tofts, R Kapoor, A J Thompson, et al. Normal-appearing grey and white matter T1 abnormality in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study Multiple Sclerosis, March 1, 2007; 13(2): 169 - 177. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T E Sherman, L J Rapport, R A Hanks, K A Ryan, P A Keenan, O Khan, and R P Lisak Predictors of well-being among significant others of persons with multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, March 1, 2007; 13(2): 238 - 249. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
W Rashid, G R Davies, D T Chard, C M Griffin, D R Altmann, A J Thompson, and D H Miller Relationship of triple dose contrast enhanced lesions with clinical measures and brain atrophy in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a two-year longitudinal study Multiple Sclerosis, March 1, 2007; 13(2): 178 - 185. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. M. Wingerchuk, S. J. Pittock, C. F. Lucchinetti, V. A. Lennon, and B. G. Weinshenker A secondary progressive clinical course is uncommon in neuromyelitis optica Neurology, February 20, 2007; 68(8): 603 - 605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. J. Pittock Does benign multiple sclerosis today imply benign multiple sclerosis tomorrow?: Implications for treatment Neurology, February 13, 2007; 68(7): 480 - 481. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A.-L. Sayao, V. Devonshire, and H. Tremlett Longitudinal follow-up of "benign" multiple sclerosis at 20 years Neurology, February 13, 2007; 68(7): 496 - 500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. Lin, C. Yu, T. Jiang, K. Li, and P. Chan Diffusion Tensor Tractography-Based Group Mapping of the Pyramidal Tract in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., February 1, 2007; 28(2): 278 - 282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. E. Hensiek, S. R. Seaman, L. F. Barcellos, A. Oturai, M. Eraksoi, E. Cocco, L. Vecsei, G. Stewart, B. Dubois, J. Bellman-Strobl, et al. Familial effects on the clinical course of multiple sclerosis Neurology, January 30, 2007; 68(5): 376 - 383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Debouverie, C. Lebrun, S. Jeannin, S. Pittion-Vouyovitch, T. Roederer, and H. Vespignani More severe disability of North Africans vs Europeans with multiple sclerosis in France Neurology, January 2, 2007; 68(1): 29 - 32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B A Parmenter, D R Denney, S G Lynch, L S Middleton, and L M Harlan Cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis: association with the APOE gene and promoter polymorphisms Multiple Sclerosis, January 1, 2007; 13(1): 25 - 32. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J M Bruce, D Polen, and P A Arnett Pain and affective memory biases interact to predict depressive symptoms in multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, January 1, 2007; 13(1): 58 - 66. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J J Kragt, J M Nielsen, F A. van der Linden, B M. Uitdehaag, and C H Polman How similar are commonly combined criteria for EDSS progression in multiple sclerosis? Multiple Sclerosis, November 1, 2006; 12(6): 782 - 786. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||