| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (Dr. Bogousslavsky) (Dr. Garazi)
Division of Cardiology, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (Dr. Jeanrenaud) (Dr. Aebischer)
University of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland (Dr. Van Melle)
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. J. Bogousslavsky, Department of Neurology, CHUV, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is more common in patients with stroke than in matched controls, but the stroke mechanism and late prognosis are not well known. We studied features, coexisting causes, and recurrences of stroke in 140 consecutive patients (mean age 44 ± 14 years) with stroke and PFO admitted to a population-based primary-care center. We selected the patients from 340 patients (41%) aged 560 years with acute stroke. The initial event was brain infarction in 118 patients (84%) and TIA in 22 (16%). Intracranial embolic occlusions were present on angiography or transcranial Doppler in most patients admitted within 12 hours of onset, whereas a venous source was clinically apparent in only six patients (5.5%). Pulmonary embolism, Valsalva maneuver at onset, and coagulation abnormalities were rare, but one-fourth of the patients had an interatrial septum aneurysm (ISA) that coexisted with PFO. An alternative cause of stroke was present in only 22 patients (16%), usually cardiac (atrial fibrillation, severe mitral valve prolapse, akinetic left ventricular segment). During a mean follow-up of 3 years, the stroke or death rate was 2.4% per year, but only eight patients had a recurrent infarct (1.9% per year). This low rate of recurrence contrasted with the severity of initial stroke, which left disabling sequelae in one-half the patients. Multivariate analysis showed that interatrial communication, a history of recent migraine, posterior cerebral artery territory infarct, and a coexisting cause of stroke were associated with recurrence, whereas ISA and treatment type (coagulant or antiaggregant therapy, surgical closure of PFO) were not. However, given the low number of events, these findings must be taken with caution. In conclusion, our study shows that stroke associated with PFO with or without ISA is not commonly due to a coexisting cause of stroke. It is usually embolic, although a definite source cannot often be demonstrated. The presenting stroke is often severe, but recurrence is uncommon. The demonstration of factors associated with a higher risk of recurrence in subgroups of patients is critical for the long-term management of these patients.
Received August 22, 1995. Accepted in final form October 12, 1995.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  P. T. O'Gara, S. R. Messe, E. M. Tuzcu, G. Catha, and J. C. Ring Percutaneous Device Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale for Secondary Stroke Prevention: A Call for Completion of Randomized Clinical Trials A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this science advisory J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 26, 2009; 53(21): 2014 - 2018. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. T. O'Gara, S. R. Messe, E. M. Tuzcu, G. Catha, and J. C. Ring Percutaneous Device Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale for Secondary Stroke Prevention: A Call for Completion of Randomized Clinical Trials: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this science advisory. Circulation, May 26, 2009; 119(20): 2743 - 2747. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Ford, G. S. Reeder, R. J. Lennon, R. D. Brown, G. W. Petty, A. K. Cabalka, F. Cetta, and D. J. Hagler Percutaneous Device Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale in Patients With Presumed Cryptogenic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: The Mayo Clinic Experience J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv., May 1, 2009; 2(5): 404 - 411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A.-R. Fathi, P. Eshtehardi, and B. Meier Patent foramen ovale and neurosurgery in sitting position: a systematic review Br. J. Anaesth., May 1, 2009; 102(5): 588 - 596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A Wahl and B Meier Patent foramen ovale and ventricular septal defect closure Heart, January 1, 2009; 95(1): 70 - 82. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Windecker and B. Meier Patent Foramen Ovale and Cryptogenic Stroke: To Close or Not to Close? Closure: What Else! Circulation, November 4, 2008; 118(19): 1989 - 1997. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Hildick-Smith, M. Behan, P. Haworth, B. Rana, and M. Thomas Patent Foramen Ovale Closure Without Echocardiographic Control: Use of "Standby" Intracardiac Ultrasound J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv., August 1, 2008; 1(4): 387 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. W. Albers, P. Amarenco, J. D. Easton, R. L. Sacco, and P. Teal Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy for Ischemic Stroke: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition) Chest, June 1, 2008; 133(6_suppl): 630S - 669S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A Wahl, M Kunz, A Moschovitis, T Nageh, M Schwerzmann, C Seiler, H P Mattle, S Windecker, and B Meier Long-term results after fluoroscopy-guided closure of patent foramen ovale for secondary prevention of paradoxical embolism Heart, March 1, 2008; 94(3): 336 - 341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N U Weir An update on cardioembolic stroke Postgrad. Med. J., March 1, 2008; 84(989): 133 - 142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D Kenny, M Turner, and R Martin When to close a patent foramen ovale Arch. Dis. Child., March 1, 2008; 93(3): 255 - 259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. K. Mareedu, M. S. Shah, J. E. Mesa, and C. S. McCauley Percutaneous Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale: A Case Series and Literature Review Clin. Med. Res., December 1, 2007; 5(4): 218 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Sievert, E. Fischer, C. Heinisch, N. Majunke, A. Roemer, and N. Wunderlich Transcatheter Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale Without an Implant: Initial Clinical Experience Circulation, October 9, 2007; 116(15): 1701 - 1706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Rousselle, P.-V. Ennezat, J.-M. Aubert, J. Darchis, X. Gonin, D. Lenica, J.-J. Bauchart, J.-L. Auffray, V. Gaxotte, T. H. LeJemtel, et al. Momentarily stuck in the foramen ovale Eur J Echocardiogr, June 1, 2007; 8(3): 223 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Benbassat and R. Baumal The time horizons of formal decision analyses QJM, June 1, 2007; 100(6): 383 - 388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ghosh, A. K. Ghosh, and S. K. Ghosh Patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm in cryptogenic stroke Postgrad. Med. J., March 1, 2007; 83(977): 173 - 177. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Di Tullio, R. L. Sacco, R. R. Sciacca, Z. Jin, and S. Homma Patent Foramen Ovale and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke in a Multiethnic Population J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 20, 2007; 49(7): 797 - 802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. H. Bonati, A. Kessel-Schaefer, A. Z. Linka, P. Buser, S. G. Wetzel, E.-W. Radue, P. A. Lyrer, and S. T. Engelter Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Stroke Attributable to Patent Foramen Ovale: Significance of Concomitant Atrial Septum Aneurysm Stroke, August 1, 2006; 37(8): 2030 - 2034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. J. Bartz, F. Cetta, A. K. Cabalka, G. S. Reeder, U. Squarcia, A. Agnetti, E. Aurier, N. Carano, B. Tachana, and D. J. Hagler Paradoxical Emboli in Children and Young Adults: Role of Atrial Septal Defect and Patent Foramen Ovale Device Closure Mayo Clin. Proc., May 1, 2006; 81(5): 615 - 618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Sacco, R. Adams, G. Albers, M. J. Alberts, O. Benavente, K. Furie, L. B. Goldstein, P. Gorelick, J. Halperin, R. Harbaugh, et al. Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: Co-Sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Circulation, March 14, 2006; 113(10): e409 - e449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Harloff, M. Handke, M. Reinhard, A. Geibel, and A. Hetzel Therapeutic Strategies After Examination by Transesophageal Echocardiography in 503 Patients With Ischemic Stroke Stroke, March 1, 2006; 37(3): 859 - 864. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Sacco, R. Adams, G. Albers, M. J. Alberts, O. Benavente, K. Furie, L. B. Goldstein, P. Gorelick, J. Halperin, R. Harbaugh, et al. Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: Co-Sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke, February 1, 2006; 37(2): 577 - 617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Kizer and R. B. Devereux Clinical practice. Patent foramen ovale in young adults with unexplained stroke. N. Engl. J. Med., December 1, 2005; 353(22): 2361 - 2372. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Hara, R. Virmani, E. Ladich, S. Mackey-Bojack, J. Titus, M. Reisman, W. Gray, M. Nakamura, M. Mooney, A. Poulose, et al. Patent Foramen Ovale: Current Pathology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Status J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 1, 2005; 46(9): 1768 - 1776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Homma and R. L. Sacco Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke Circulation, August 16, 2005; 112(7): 1063 - 1072. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. K. Mohrs, S. E. Petersen, D. Erkapic, C. Rubel, R. Schrader, B. Nowak, W. A. Fach, H.-U. Kauczor, and T. Voigtlaender Diagnosis of Patent Foramen Ovale Using Contrast-Enhanced Dynamic MRI: A Pilot Study Am. J. Roentgenol., January 1, 2005; 184(1): 234 - 240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. W. Albers, P. Amarenco, J. D. Easton, R. L. Sacco, and P. Teal Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy for Ischemic Stroke: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy Chest, September 1, 2004; 126(3_suppl): 483S - 512S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Homma, M. R. DiTullio, R. L. Sacco, R. R. Sciacca, J.P. Mohr, and for PICSS Investigators Age As a Determinant of Adverse Events in Medically Treated Cryptogenic Stroke Patients With Patent Foramen Ovale Stroke, September 1, 2004; 35(9): 2145 - 2149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Windecker, A. Wahl, K. Nedeltchev, M. Arnold, M. Schwerzmann, C. Seiler, H. P. Mattle, and B. Meier Comparison of medical treatment with percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic stroke J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 18, 2004; 44(4): 750 - 758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. A. Wu, J. F. Malouf, J. A. Dearani, D. J. Hagler, G. S. Reeder, G. W. Petty, and B. K. Khandheria Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke: Current Understanding and Management Options Arch Intern Med, May 10, 2004; 164(9): 950 - 956. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M Braun, V Gliech, A Boscheri, S Schoen, G Gahn, H Reichmann, M Haass, R Schraeder, and R.H Strasser Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in patients with paradoxical embolism: Periprocedural safety and mid-term follow-up results of three different device occluder systems Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2004; 25(5): 424 - 430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Schwerzmann, S Windecker, A Wahl, H Mehta, K Nedeltchev, H Mattle, C Seiler, and B Meier Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale: impact of device design on safety and efficacy Heart, February 1, 2004; 90(2): 186 - 190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J Landzberg and P. Khairy Indications for the closure of patent foramen ovale Heart, February 1, 2004; 90(2): 219 - 224. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Moore and D. S. Levi Transcatheter closure of atrial shunts: Focus on a lingering issue J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 21, 2004; 43(2): 310 - 312. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Khositseth, A. K. Cabalka, J. P. Sweeney, F. D. Fortuin, G. S. Reeder, H. M. Connolly, and D. J. Hagler Transcatheter Amplatzer Device Closure of Atrial Septal Defect and Patent Foramen Ovale in Patients With Presumed Paradoxical Embolism Mayo Clin. Proc., January 1, 2004; 79(1): 35 - 41. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. C. Horton and T. J. Bunch Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke Mayo Clin. Proc., January 1, 2004; 79(1): 79 - 88. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Khairy, C. P. O'Donnell, and M. J. Landzberg Transcatheter Closure versus Medical Therapy of Patent Foramen Ovale and Presumed Paradoxical Thromboemboli: A Systematic Review Ann Intern Med, November 4, 2003; 139(9): 753 - 760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. Mohr and S. Homma Patent Cardiac Foramen Ovale: Stroke Risk and Closure Ann Intern Med, November 4, 2003; 139(9): 787 - 788. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Borgermann, K. Hakim, I. Friedrich, and C. Diez Recurrent thromboembolic events after percutaneous device closure of patent foramen ovale Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, June 1, 2003; 2(2): 125 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Pezzini, E. Del Zotto, M. Magoni, A. Costa, S. Archetti, M. Grassi, N. M. Akkawi, A. Albertini, D. Assanelli, L. A. Vignolo, et al. Inherited Thrombophilic Disorders in Young Adults With Ischemic Stroke and Patent Foramen Ovale Stroke, January 1, 2003; 34(1): 28 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. K. Deeik, R. M. Thomas, P. Sakiyalak, S. Botkin, B. Blakeman, and M. Bakhos Minimal access closure of patent foramen ovale: is it also recommended for patients with paradoxical emboli? Ann. Thorac. Surg., October 1, 2002; 74(4): S1326 - 1329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R. Holmes Jr and A. Cabalka Was Your Mother Right--: Do We Always Need to Close the Door? Circulation, August 27, 2002; 106(9): 1034 - 1036. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Martin, P. L. Sanchez, E. Doherty, P. J. Colon-Hernandez, G. Delgado, I. Inglessis, N. Scott, J. Hung, M. E. E. King, F. Buonanno, et al. Percutaneous Transcatheter Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale in Patients With Paradoxical Embolism Circulation, August 27, 2002; 106(9): 1121 - 1126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. U. Braun, D. Fassbender, S. P. Schoen, M. Haass, R. Schraeder, W. Scholtz, and R. H. Strasser Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with cerebral ischemia J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 19, 2002; 39(12): 2019 - 2025. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Bruch, A. Parsi, M. O. Grad, S. Rux, T. Burmeister, H. Krebs, and F. X. Kleber Transcatheter Closure of Interatrial Communications for Secondary Prevention of Paradoxical Embolism: Single-Center Experience Circulation, June 18, 2002; 105(24): 2845 - 2848. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Halperin and V. Fuster Patent Foramen Ovale and Recurrent Stroke: Another Paradoxical Twist Circulation, June 4, 2002; 105(22): 2580 - 2582. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Homma, R. L. Sacco, M. R. Di Tullio, R. R. Sciacca, J.P. Mohr, and for the PFO in Cryptogenic Stroke Study (PICSS) In Effect of Medical Treatment in Stroke Patients With Patent Foramen Ovale: Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study Circulation, June 4, 2002; 105(22): 2625 - 2631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K Nedeltchev, M Arnold, A Wahl, M Sturzenegger, E E Vella, S Windecker, B Meier, and H P Mattle Outcome of patients with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, March 1, 2002; 72(3): 347 - 350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Lamy, C. Giannesini, M. Zuber, C. Arquizan, J.F. Meder, D. Trystram, J. Coste, and J.L. Mas Clinical and Imaging Findings in Cryptogenic Stroke Patients With and Without Patent Foramen Ovale: The PFO-ASA Study Stroke, March 1, 2002; 33(3): 706 - 711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-L. Mas, C. Arquizan, C. Lamy, M. Zuber, L. Cabanes, G. Derumeaux, J. Coste, and the Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial Septal Aneurys Recurrent Cerebrovascular Events Associated with Patent Foramen Ovale, Atrial Septal Aneurysm, or Both N. Engl. J. Med., December 13, 2001; 345(24): 1740 - 1746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Milhaud, J. Bogousslavsky, G. van Melle, and P. Liot Ischemic stroke and active migraine Neurology, November 27, 2001; 57(10): 1805 - 1811. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Sukernik, B. Mets, and E. Bennett-Guerrero Patent Foramen Ovale and its Significance in the Perioperative Period Anesth. Analg., November 1, 2001; 93(5): 1137 - 1146. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Wahl, B. Meier, B. Haxel, K. Nedeltchev, M. Arnold, E. Eicher, M. Sturzenegger, C. Seiler, H. P. Mattle, and S. Windecker Prognosis after percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale for paradoxical embolism Neurology, October 9, 2001; 57(7): 1330 - 1332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Hayashida, K. Fukuchi, M. Inubushi, K. Fukushima, S. Imakita, and K. Kimura Embolic Distribution Through Patent Foramen Ovale Demonstrated by 99mTc-MAA Brain SPECT After Valsalva Radionuclide Venography J. Nucl. Med., June 1, 2001; 42(6): 859 - 863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Overell, K. R. Lees, I. Bone, S. Windecker, A. Wahl, T. Chatterjee, A. Garachemani, F. R. Eberli, C. Seiler, and B. Meier Percutaneous Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale in Patients With Paradoxical Embolism Response Circulation, March 13, 2001; 103 (10): e56 - e56. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. ALP, N. CLARKE, and A. P BANNING How should patients with patent foramen ovale be managed? Heart, March 1, 2001; 85(3): 242 - 244. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Sastry, C. McCollum, S. Windecker, A. Wahl, T. Chatterjee, A. Garachemani, F. R. Eberli, C. Seiler, and B. Meier Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke Response Circulation, February 27, 2001; 103 (8): e46 - e47. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. W. Albers, P. Amarenco, J. D. Easton, R. L. Sacco, and P. Teal Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy for Ischemic Stroke Chest, January 1, 2001; 119(1_suppl): 300S - 320S. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Way, A. Lopez-Yunez, X. Beristain, and J. Biller Paradoxical Embolism to the Basilar Apex Associated With May-Thurner Syndrome Arch Neurol, December 1, 2000; 57(12): 1761 - 1764. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. De Castro, D. Cartoni, M. Fiorelli, M. Rasura, A. Anzini, E. M. Zanette, M. Beccia, C. Colonnese, F. Fedele, C. Fieschi, et al. Morphological and Functional Characteristics of Patent Foramen Ovale and Their Embolic Implications Stroke, October 1, 2000; 31(10): 2407 - 2413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. J. Kirkham, M. Prengler, D. K.M. Hewes, and V. Ganesan Risk Factors for Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Children J Child Neurol, May 1, 2000; 15(5): 299 - 307. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Hung, M. J. Landzberg, K. J. Jenkins, M. E. E. King, J. E. Lock, I. F. Palacios, and P. Lang Closure of patent foramen ovale for paradoxical emboli: intermediate-term risk of recurrent neurological events following transcatheter device placement J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 1, 2000; 35(5): 1311 - 1316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Windecker, A. Wahl, T. Chatterjee, A. Garachemani, F. R. Eberli, C. Seiler, and B. Meier Percutaneous Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale in Patients With Paradoxical Embolism : Long-Term Risk of Recurrent Thromboembolic Events Circulation, February 29, 2000; 101(8): 893 - 898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. P. Kuhl, R. Hoffmann, M. W. Merx, A. Franke, C. Klotzsch, W. Lepper, T. Reineke, J. Noth, and P. Hanrath Transthoracic echocardiography using second harmonic imaging: Diagnostic alternative to transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of atrial right to left shunt in patients with cerebral embolic events J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 15, 1999; 34(6): 1823 - 1830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Dearani, B. S. Ugurlu, G. K. Danielson, R. C. Daly, C. G. A. McGregor, C. J. Mullany, F. J. Puga, T. A. Orszulak, B. J. Anderson, R. D. Brown Jr, et al. Surgical Patent Foramen Ovale Closure for Prevention of Paradoxical Embolism-Related Cerebrovascular Ischemic Events Circulation, November 9, 1999; 100 (2009): II-171 - II-175. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J CHAMBERS Should percutaneous devices be used to close a patent foramen ovale after cerebral infarction or TIA? Heart, November 1, 1999; 82(5): 537 - 538. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. K. Kapral and F. L. Silver Preventive health care, 1999 update: 2. Echocardiography for the detection of a cardiac source of embolus in patients with stroke Can. Med. Assoc. J., October 1, 1999; 161(8): 989 - 996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. W. Droste, M. Reisener, V. Kemeny, R. Dittrich, G. Schulte-Altedorneburg, J. Stypmann, T. Wichter, and E. B. Ringelstein Contrast Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound in the Detection of Right-to-Left Shunts : Reproducibility, Comparison of 2 Agents, and Distribution of Microemboli Stroke, May 1, 1999; 30(5): 1014 - 1018. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Ay, F. S. Buonanno, S. A. Abraham, J. P. Kistler, and W. J. Koroshetz An Electrocardiographic Criterion for Diagnosis of Patent Foramen Ovale Associated With Ischemic Stroke Stroke, July 1, 1998; 29(7): 1393 - 1397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Steiner, M. R. Di Tullio, T. Rundek, R. Gan, X. Chen, C. Liguori, M. Brainin, S. Homma, and R. L. Sacco Patent Foramen Ovale Size and Embolic Brain Imaging Findings Among Patients With Ischemic Stroke Stroke, May 1, 1998; 29(5): 944 - 948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Kristensen, J. Malm, B. Carlberg, B. Stegmayr, C. Backman, M. Fagerlund, and T. Olsson Epidemiology and Etiology of Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in Northern Sweden Stroke, September 1, 1997; 28(9): 1702 - 1709. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
