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From the Stockholm Gerontology Research Center and Department of Geriatric Medicine (Drs. Fratiglioni, Viitanen, Tontodonati, Herlitz, and Winblad, and E. von Strauss), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, and the Neurologic Clinic (Dr. Fratiglioni), Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Supported by grants from The Swedish Medical Research Council, The Swedish Council for Social Research, the Municipal Pension Institute, Ake Wiberg's Foundation, and SHMF-90.
Received April 19, 1996. Accepted in final form June 18, 1996.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Laura Fratiglioni, Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, The Kungsholmen Project, Box 6401, S-113 82 Stockholm, Sweden.
Objective: To determine the incidence of different types of dementia in the very old, and to explore the relation with age and gender. Design: A dementia-free cohort was followed for an average of three years in Stockholm, Sweden. At the end of the follow-up, the subjects were interviewed by nurses, clinically examined by physicians, and cognitively assessed by psychologists. Deceased cohort members were studied using death certificates, hospital clinical records, and discharge diagnoses. Dementia diagnoses were made according to the DSM-III-R criteria independently by two physicians. Participants: The cohort consisted of 1,473 subjects (75+ years old), of which 987 were clinically examined at follow-up, 314 died before the examination, and 172 refused to participate. Results: During the follow-up, 148 subjects developed dementia. In the age-group 75 to 79, the incidence rates for dementia were 19.6 for women and 12.4 for men per 1,000 person-years, whereas for 90+ year-old subjects the corresponding figures were 86.7 and 15.0 per 1,000 person-years. A similar pattern of distribution by age and gender was seen for Alzheimer's disease. In each age stratum, the incidence rates of dementia and Alzheimer's disease were higher for women than for men. The age-adjusted odds ratio for women was 1.9 for dementia and 3.1 for Alzheimer's disease. Conclusions: (1) The incidence of dementia increases with age, even in the oldest age groups; (2) women have a higher risk of developing dementia than men, especially at very old ages; (3) this pattern is mainly due to the age and gender distribution of Alzheimer's disease, rather than vascular dementia.
NEUROLOGY 1997;48: 132-138
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Z. Guo, L. Fratiglioni, M. Viitanen, L. Lannfelt, H. Basun, J. Fastbom, and B. Winblad Apolipoprotein E Genotypes and the Incidence of Alzheimer's Disease among Persons Aged 75 Years and Older: Variation by Use of Antihypertensive Medication? Am. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2001; 153(3): 225 - 231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. E. Hebert, P. A. Scherr, J. J. McCann, L. A. Beckett, and D. A. Evans Is the Risk of Developing Alzheimer's Disease Greater for Women than for Men? Am. J. Epidemiol., January 15, 2001; 153(2): 132 - 136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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The incidence of dementia in Canada Neurology, July 12, 2000; 55(1): 66 - 73. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Hebert, J. Lindsay, R. Verreault, K. Rockwood, G. Hill, and M.-F. Dubois Vascular Dementia : Incidence and Risk Factors in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging Stroke, July 1, 2000; 31(7): 1487 - 1493. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Kawas, S. Gray, R. Brookmeyer, J. Fozard, and A. Zonderman Age-specific incidence rates of Alzheimer's disease: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging Neurology, June 13, 2000; 54(11): 2072 - 2077. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. J. Small, L. Fratiglioni, M. Viitanen, B. Winblad, and L. Backman The Course of Cognitive Impairment in Preclinical Alzheimer Disease: Three- and 6-Year Follow-up of a Population-Based Sample Arch Neurol, June 1, 2000; 57(6): 839 - 844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Devi, R. Ottman, M.-X. Tang, K. Marder, Y. Stern, and R. Mayeux Familial Aggregation of Alzheimer Disease Among Whites, African Americans, and Caribbean Hispanics in Northern Manhattan Arch Neurol, January 1, 2000; 57(1): 72 - 77. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Zhu, L. Fratiglioni, Z. Guo, H. Basun, E. H. Corder, B. Winblad, and M. Viitanen Incidence of Dementia in Relation to Stroke and the Apolipoprotein E {epsilon}4 Allele in the Very Old : Findings From a Population-Based Longitudinal Study Stroke, January 1, 2000; 31(1): 53 - 60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Andersen, L. J. Launer, M. E. Dewey, L. Letenneur, A. Ott, J. R. M. Copeland, J.-F. Dartigues, P. Kragh-Sorensen, M. Baldereschi, C. Brayne, et al. Gender differences in the incidence of AD and vascular dementia: The EURODEM Studies Neurology, December 1, 1999; 53(9): 1992 - 1992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A- K. Berger, L. Fratiglioni, Y. Forsell, B. Winblad, and L. Backman The occurrence of depressive symptoms in the preclinical phase of AD: A population-based study Neurology, December 1, 1999; 53(9): 1998 - 1998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. S. Wilson, L. A. Beckett, D. A. Bennett, M. S. Albert, and D. A. Evans Change in Cognitive Function in Older Persons From a Community Population: Relation to Age and Alzheimer Disease Arch Neurol, October 1, 1999; 56(10): 1274 - 1279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Guo, L. Fratiglioni, L. Zhu, J. Fastbom, B. Winblad, and M. Viitanen Occurrence and Progression of Dementia in a Community Population Aged 75 Years and Older: Relationship of Antihypertensive Medication Use Arch Neurol, August 1, 1999; 56(8): 991 - 996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Gambassi, K. L. Lapane, F. Landi, A. Sgadari, V. Mor, and R. Bernabei Gender differences in the relation between comorbidity and mortality of patients with Alzheimer's disease Neurology, August 1, 1999; 53(3): 508 - 508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Tsolaki, C. Fountoulakis, I. Pavlopoulos, E. Chatzi, and A. Kazis Prevalence and incidence of Alzheimers disease and other dementing disorders in Pylea, Greece American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, May 1, 1999; 14(3): 138 - 148. [Abstract] [PDF]
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E. von Strauss, M. Viitanen, D. De Ronchi, B. Winblad, and L. Fratiglioni Aging and the Occurrence of Dementia: Findings From a Population-Based Cohort With a Large Sample of Nonagenarians Arch Neurol, May 1, 1999; 56(5): 587 - 592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L Letenneur, V Gilleron, D Commenges, C Helmer, J M Orgogozo, and J F Dartigues Are sex and educational level independent predictors of dementia and Alzheimer's disease? Incidence data from the PAQUID project J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, February 1, 1999; 66(2): 177 - 183. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 T. Rabinowicz, D. E. Dean, J. McDonald-Comber Petetot, and G. M. de Courten-Myers Gender Differences in the Human Cerebral Cortex: More Neurons in Males; More Processes in Females J Child Neurol, February 1, 1999; 14(2): 98 - 107. [Abstract] [PDF]
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H. Luukinen, P. Viramo, K. Koski, P. Laippala, and S.-L. Kivela Head injuries and cognitive decline among older adults: A population-based study Neurology, February 1, 1999; 52(3): 557 - 557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. J. Launer, K. Andersen, M. E. Dewey, L. Letenneur, A. Ott, L. A. Amaducci, C. Brayne, J. R. M. Copeland, J.-F. Dartigues, P. Kragh-Sorensen, et al. Rates and risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Results from EURODEM pooled analyses Neurology, January 1, 1999; 52(1): 78 - 78. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Andersen, H. Nielsen, A. Lolk, J. Andersen, I. Becker, and P. Kragh-Sorensen Incidence of very mild to severe dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Denmark: The Odense Study Neurology, January 1, 1999; 52(1): 85 - 85. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Gao, H. C. Hendrie, K. S. Hall, and S. Hui The Relationships Between Age, Sex, and the Incidence of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease: A Meta-analysis Arch Gen Psychiatry, September 1, 1998; 55(9): 809 - 815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Aevarsson, A. Svanborg, and I. Skoog Seven-Year Survival Rate After Age 85 Years: Relation to Alzheimer Disease and Vascular Dementia Arch Neurol, September 1, 1998; 55(9): 1226 - 1232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A.-K. Berger, B. J. Small, Y. Forsell, B. Winblad, and L. Bäckman Preclinical Symptoms of Major Depression in Very Old Age: A Prospective Longitudinal Study Am J Psychiatry, August 1, 1998; 155(8): 1039 - 1043. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. Herlitz, B. J. Small, L. Fratiglioni, O. Almkvist, M. Viitanen, and L. Backman Detection of Mild Dementia in Community Surveys: Is It Possible to Increase the Accuracy of Our Diagnostic Instruments? Arch Neurol, March 1, 1997; 54(3): 319 - 324. [Abstract] [PDF]
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