| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
From the Divisions of Neurology (Drs. Kumar, Kim, and Lang, and E. Sime and E. Halket) and Neurosurgery (Drs. Lozano and Hutchison), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Anthony E. Lang, The Toronto Hospital Movement Disorders Centre, 399 Bathurst St., MP 11-306, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8.
Objective: To examine objectively the clinical effects of subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in advanced PD.
Methods: Our initial seven consecutive patients with medication-refractory motor fluctuations and levodopa-induced dyskinesias undergoing chronic STN DBS underwent a standardized preoperative evaluation followed by a 2-day double-blind evaluation of efficacy 6 to 12 months after electrode implantation. Diaries documenting motor fluctuations and dyskinesias were also completed preoperatively and postoperatively.
Results: In the medication-off state, turning the stimulators on resulted in improvement in mean total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score by 58% including the following improvements in composite scores: akinesia 57%, rigidity 52%, tremor 82%, and gait and postural stability 49%. Additionally, the medication-off state improved 17% without stimulation, possibly as a result of electrode insertion alone or carry-over of chronic stimulation. In the medication-on, stimulation-on state, all major features of parkinsonism improved and total UPDRS motor score improved 41% compared with before surgery. Activities of daily living were improved while off medication 30%, and levodopa-induced dyskinesias were reduced 83% while total drug dosage was decreased 40%. With chronic stimulation, patients reported that the percentage of time spent in the "on" state (without dyskinesias) increased from 26% to 52% and "off" time decreased from 30% to 6%. Operative complications including cognitive worsening were not uncommon.
Conclusions: STN DBS is a promising new surgical option for the treatment of advanced PD. The marked clinical benefits obtained in these severely disabled patients outweighed the adverse effects.
Supported in part by the Parkinson Foundation of Canada (A.M.L.), a Centre of Excellence grant from the National Parkinson Foundation (A.E.L.), and Medtronic Neurological. Dr. Lozano is a Medical Research Council of Canada Clinical Scientist.
Received June 29, 1998. Accepted in final form July 16, 1998.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S.J. Groiss, L. Wojtecki, M. Sudmeyer, and A. Schnitzler Review: Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders, November 1, 2009; 2(6): 379 - 391. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Mukhida, M. Hong, G.B. Miles, T. Phillips, B.A. Baghbaderani, M. McLeod, N. Kobayashi, A. Sen, L.A. Behie, R.M. Brownstone, et al. A multitarget basal ganglia dopaminergic and GABAergic transplantation strategy enhances behavioural recovery in parkinsonian rats Brain, August 1, 2008; 131(8): 2106 - 2126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F Klostermann, F Ehlen, J Vesper, K Nubel, M Gross, F Marzinzik, G Curio, and T Sappok Effects of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on dysarthrophonia in Parkinson's disease J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, May 1, 2008; 79(5): 522 - 529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Anheim, A. Batir, V. Fraix, M. Silem, S. Chabardes, E. Seigneuret, P. Krack, A.-L. Benabid, and P. Pollak Improvement in Parkinson Disease by Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation Based on Electrode Placement: Effects of Reimplantation Arch Neurol, May 1, 2008; 65(5): 612 - 616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. U. Ferraye, B. Debu, V. Fraix, J. Xie-Brustolin, S. Chabardes, P. Krack, A-L Benabid, and P. Pollak Effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation and levodopa on freezing of gait in Parkinson disease Neurology, April 15, 2008; 70(16_Part_2): 1431 - 1437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. S. Pezaris and R. C. Reid Demonstration of artificial visual percepts generated through thalamic microstimulation PNAS, May 1, 2007; 104(18): 7670 - 7675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. -P. Derost, L. Ouchchane, D. Morand, M. Ulla, P. -M. Llorca, M. Barget, B. Debilly, J. -J. Lemaire, and F. Durif Is DBS-STN appropriate to treat severe Parkinson disease in an elderly population? Neurology, April 24, 2007; 68(17): 1345 - 1355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Moro, Y.-Y. W. Poon, A. M. Lozano, J. A. Saint-Cyr, and A. E. Lang Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation: Improvements in Outcome With Reprogramming Arch Neurol, September 1, 2006; 63(9): 1266 - 1272. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V Fraix, J-L Houeto, C Lagrange, C Le Pen, P Krystkowiak, D Guehl, C Ardouin, M-L Welter, F Maurel, L Defebvre, et al. Clinical and economic results of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, April 1, 2006; 77(4): 443 - 449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R R Goodman, B Kim, S McClelland III, P B Senatus, L M Winfield, S L Pullman, Q Yu, B Ford, and G M McKhann II Operative techniques and morbidity with subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in 100 consecutive patients with advanced Parkinson's disease J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, January 1, 2006; 77(1): 12 - 17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. C. Anderson, K. J. Burchiel, P. Hogarth, J. Favre, and J. P. Hammerstad Pallidal vs Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson Disease Arch Neurol, April 1, 2005; 62(4): 554 - 560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M C Rodriguez-Oroz, I Zamarbide, J Guridi, M R Palmero, and J A Obeso Efficacy of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease 4 years after surgery: double blind and open label evaluation J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, October 1, 2004; 75(10): 1382 - 1385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B Ford, L Winfield, S L Pullman, S J Frucht, Y Du, P Greene, J H Cheringal, Q Yu, L J Cote, S Fahn, et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in advanced Parkinson's disease: blinded assessments at one year follow up J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, September 1, 2004; 75(9): 1255 - 1259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L Castelli, P Perozzo, M L Genesia, E Torre, M Pesare, A Cinquepalmi, M Lanotte, B Bergamasco, and L Lopiano Sexual well being in parkinsonian patients after deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, September 1, 2004; 75(9): 1260 - 1264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. J. Magill, A. Sharott, M. D. Bevan, P. Brown, and J. P. Bolam Synchronous Unit Activity and Local Field Potentials Evoked in the Subthalamic Nucleus by Cortical Stimulation J Neurophysiol, August 1, 2004; 92(2): 700 - 714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Vaillancourt, J. Prodoehl, L. Verhagen Metman, R. A. Bakay, and D. M. Corcos Effects of deep brain stimulation and medication on bradykinesia and muscle activation in Parkinson's disease Brain, March 1, 2004; 127(3): 491 - 504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Devos, E. Labyt, P. Derambure, J. L. Bourriez, F. Cassim, N. Reyns, S. Blond, J. D. Guieu, A. Destee, and L. Defebvre Subthalamic nucleus stimulation modulates motor cortex oscillatory activity in Parkinson's disease Brain, February 1, 2004; 127(2): 408 - 419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A.J. Esselink, R. M.A. de Bie, R. J. de Haan, M. W.P.M. Lenders, P. C.G. Nijssen, M. J. Staal, H. M.M. Smeding, P. R. Schuurman, D. A. Bosch, and J. D. Speelman Unilateral pallidotomy versus bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in PD: A randomized trial Neurology, January 27, 2004; 62(2): 201 - 207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S Goto, K Yamada, and Y Ushio Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in a parkinsonian patient with previous bilateral thalamotomy J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, January 1, 2004; 75(1): 164 - 165. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N K Patel, P Plaha, K O'Sullivan, R McCarter, P Heywood, and S S Gill MRI directed bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson's disease J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, December 1, 2003; 74(12): 1631 - 1637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K.-Z. Shen and S. W Johnson Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor modulation of excitatory transmission in rat subthalamic nucleus J. Physiol., December 1, 2003; 553(2): 489 - 496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Krack, A. Batir, N. Van Blercom, S. Chabardes, V. Fraix, C. Ardouin, A. Koudsie, P. D. Limousin, A. Benazzouz, J. F. LeBas, et al. Five-Year Follow-up of Bilateral Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Advanced Parkinson's Disease N. Engl. J. Med., November 13, 2003; 349(20): 1925 - 1934. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.-H. TAI, T. BORAUD, E. BEZARD, B. BIOULAC, C. GROSS, and A. BENAZZOUZ Electrophysiological and metabolic evidence that high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus bridles neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra reticulata FASEB J, October 1, 2003; 17(13): 1820 - 1830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. W. Olanow Present and future directions in the management of motor complications in patients with advanced PD Neurology, September 23, 2003; 61(90063): S24 - 33. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G Linazasoro, J L Houeto, V Mesnage, L Mallet, M L Welter, D Dormont, B Pidoux, P Cornu, and Y Agid Subthalamic deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson's disease: all that glitters is not gold J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, June 1, 2003; 74(6): 827 - 827. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Maurer, T. Mergner, J. Xie, M. Faist, P. Pollak, and C. H. Lucking Effect of chronic bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation on postural control in Parkinson's disease Brain, May 1, 2003; 126(5): 1146 - 1163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-L. Houeto, M.-L. Welter, P.-B. Bejjani, S. T. du Montcel, A.-M. Bonnet, V. Mesnage, S. Navarro, B. Pidoux, D. Dormont, P. Cornu, et al. Subthalamic Stimulation in Parkinson Disease: Intraoperative Predictive Factors Arch Neurol, May 1, 2003; 60(5): 690 - 694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Siderowf and M. Stern Update on Parkinson Disease Ann Intern Med, April 15, 2003; 138(8): 651 - 658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Schneider, U. Habel, J. Volkmann, S. Regel, J. Kornischka, V. Sturm, and H.-J. Freund Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus Enhances Emotional Processing in Parkinson Disease Arch Gen Psychiatry, March 1, 2003; 60(3): 296 - 302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T R K Varma, S H Fox, P R Eldridge, P Littlechild, P Byrne, A Forster, A Marshall, H Cameron, K McIver, N Fletcher, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus: effectiveness in advanced Parkinson's disease patients previously reliant on apomorphine J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, February 1, 2003; 74(2): 170 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Temperli, J. Ghika, J.-G. Villemure, P.R. Burkhard, J. Bogousslavsky, and F.J.G. Vingerhoets How do parkinsonian signs return after discontinuation of subthalamic DBS? Neurology, January 14, 2003; 60(1): 78 - 81. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Krystkowiak, J.-L. Blatt, J.-L. Bourriez, A. Duhamel, M. Perina, S. Blond, J.-D. Guieu, A. Destee, and L. Defebvre Effects of Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation and Levodopa Treatment on Gait Abnormalities in Parkinson Disease Arch Neurol, January 1, 2003; 60(1): 80 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A.K. Gilligan, R. Markus, S. Read, V. Srikanth, T. Hirano, G. Fitt, M. Arends, B.R. Chambers, S.M. Davis, and G.A. Donnan Baseline Blood Pressure but Not Early Computed Tomography Changes Predicts Major Hemorrhage After Streptokinase in Acute Ischemic Stroke Stroke, September 1, 2002; 33(9): 2236 - 2242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Cunic, L. Roshan, F. I. Khan, A. M. Lozano, A. E. Lang, and R. Chen Effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on motor cortex excitability in Parkinson's disease Neurology, June 11, 2002; 58(11): 1665 - 1672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J L Houeto, V Mesnage, L Mallet, B Pillon, M Gargiulo, S T. du Moncel, A M Bonnet, B Pidoux, D Dormont, P Cornu, et al. Behavioural disorders, Parkinson's disease and subthalamic stimulation J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, June 1, 2002; 72(6): 701 - 707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Levy, P. Ashby, W. D. Hutchison, A. E. Lang, A. M. Lozano, and J. O. Dostrovsky Dependence of subthalamic nucleus oscillations on movement and dopamine in Parkinson's disease Brain, June 1, 2002; 125(6): 1196 - 1209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M.A. Romito, M. Scerrati, M. F. Contarino, A. R. Bentivoglio, P. Tonali, and A. Albanese Long-term follow up of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease Neurology, May 28, 2002; 58(10): 1546 - 1550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B-P Bejjani, I Arnulf, J-L Houeto, D Milea, S Demeret, B Pidoux, P Damier, P Cornu, D Dormont, and Y Agid Concurrent excitatory and inhibitory effects of high frequency stimulation: an oculomotor study J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, April 1, 2002; 72(4): 517 - 522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Levy, W. D. Hutchison, A. M. Lozano, and J. O. Dostrovsky Synchronized Neuronal Discharge in the Basal Ganglia of Parkinsonian Patients Is Limited to Oscillatory Activity J. Neurosci., April 1, 2002; 22(7): 2855 - 2861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Welter, J. L. Houeto, S. Tezenas du Montcel, V. Mesnage, A. M. Bonnet, B. Pillon, I. Arnulf, B. Pidoux, D. Dormont, P. Cornu, et al. Clinical predictive factors of subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson's disease Brain, March 1, 2002; 125(3): 575 - 583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. J.G. Vingerhoets, J.-G. Villemure, P. Temperli, C. Pollo, E. Pralong, and J. Ghika Subthalamic DBS replaces levodopa in Parkinson's disease: Two-year follow-up Neurology, February 12, 2002; 58(3): 396 - 401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Blomstedt, M. I. Hariz, H. Fodstad, B. Ford, J. A. Obeso, C. W. Olanow, and A. Lang Deep-Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease N. Engl. J. Med., February 7, 2002; 346(6): 452 - 453. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M M Lanotte, M Rizzone, B Bergamasco, G Faccani, A Melcarne, and L Lopiano Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus: anatomical, neurophysiological, and outcome correlations with the effects of stimulation J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, January 1, 2002; 72(1): 53 - 58. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. N. Eskandar, G. R. Cosgrove, and L. A. Shinobu Surgical Treatment of Parkinson Disease JAMA, December 26, 2001; 286(24): 3056 - 3059. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.G. Nutt, S.L. Rufener, J.H. Carter, V.C. Anderson, R. Pahwa, J.P. Hammerstad, and K.J. Burchiel Interactions between deep brain stimulation and levodopa in Parkinson's disease Neurology, November 27, 2001; 57(10): 1835 - 1842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K E Lyons, W C Koller, S B Wilkinson, and R Pahwa Long term safety and efficacy of unilateral deep brain stimulation of the thalamus for parkinsonian tremor J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, November 1, 2001; 71(5): 682 - 684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Deep-Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease Deep-Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus or the Pars Interna of the Globus Pallidus in Parkinson's Disease N. Engl. J. Med., September 27, 2001; 345(13): 956 - 963. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Alegret, C. Junque, F. Valldeoriola, P. Vendrell, M. Pilleri, J. Rumia, and E. Tolosa Effects of Bilateral Subthalamic Stimulation on Cognitive Function in Parkinson Disease Arch Neurol, August 1, 2001; 58(8): 1223 - 1227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. W. Olanow, R. L. Watts, and W. C. Koller An algorithm (decision tree) for the management of Parkinson's disease (2001):: Treatment Neurology, June 12, 2001; 56(suppl_5): S1 - S88. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Mukhida, K. A. Baker, D. Sadi, and I. Mendez Enhancement of Sensorimotor Behavioral Recovery in Hemiparkinsonian Rats with Intrastriatal, Intranigral, and Intrasubthalamic Nucleus Dopaminergic Transplants J. Neurosci., May 15, 2001; 21(10): 3521 - 3530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Guridi and J. A. Obeso The subthalamic nucleus, hemiballismus and Parkinson's disease: reappraisal of a neurosurgical dogma Brain, January 1, 2001; 124(1): 5 - 19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Fraix, P. Pollak, N. Van Blercom, J. Xie, P. Krack, A. Koudsie, and A.L. Benabid Effect of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease Neurology, December 26, 2000; 55(12): 1921 - 1923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Kishore, D. Panikar, S. Balakrishnan, S. Joseph, and S. Sarma Evidence of functional somatotopy in GPi from results of pallidotomy Brain, December 1, 2000; 123(12): 2491 - 2500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Levy, W. D. Hutchison, A. M. Lozano, and J. O. Dostrovsky High-frequency Synchronization of Neuronal Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus of Parkinsonian Patients with Limb Tremor J. Neurosci., October 15, 2000; 20(20): 7766 - 7775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Saint-Cyr, L. L. Trepanier, R. Kumar, A. M. Lozano, and A. E. Lang Neuropsychological consequences of chronic bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease Brain, October 1, 2000; 123(10): 2091 - 2108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P K Pal, A Samii, A Kishore, M Schulzer, E Mak, S Yardley, I M Turnbull, and D B Calne Long term outcome of unilateral pallidotomy: follow up of 15 patients for 3 years J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, September 1, 2000; 69(3): 337 - 344. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. Pahapill and A. M. Lozano The pedunculopontine nucleus and Parkinson's disease Brain, September 1, 2000; 123(9): 1767 - 1783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Lang Surgery for Parkinson Disease: A Critical Evaluation of the State of the Art Arch Neurol, August 1, 2000; 57(8): 1118 - 1125. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. B. Montgomery Jr., M. Hallett, I. Litvan, A. M. Lozano, C. Goetz, and W. C. Koller Evaluation of surgery for Parkinson's disease: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology Neurology, July 12, 2000; 55(1): 154 - 154. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. O. Dostrovsky, R. Levy, J. P. Wu, W. D. Hutchison, R. R. Tasker, and A. M. Lozano Microstimulation-Induced Inhibition of Neuronal Firing in Human Globus Pallidus J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2000; 84(1): 570 - 574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Molinuevo, F. Valldeoriola, E. Tolosa, J. Rumia, J. Valls-Sole, H. Roldan, and E. Ferrer Levodopa Withdrawal After Bilateral Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation in Advanced Parkinson Disease Arch Neurol, July 1, 2000; 57(7): 983 - 988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Fine, J. Duff, R. Chen, W. Hutchison, A. M. Lozano, and A. E. Lang Long-Term Follow-Up of Unilateral Pallidotomy in Advanced Parkinson's Disease N. Engl. J. Med., June 8, 2000; 342(23): 1708 - 1714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B.-P. Bejjani, D. Gervais, I. Arnulf, S. Papadopoulos, S. Demeret, A.-M. Bonnet, P. Cornu, P. Damier, and Y. Agid Axial parkinsonian symptoms can be improved: the role of levodopa and bilateral subthalamic stimulation J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, May 1, 2000; 68(5): 595 - 600. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Houeto, P. Damier, P. B. Bejjani, C. Staedler, A. M. Bonnet, I. Arnulf, B. Pidoux, D. Dormont, P. Cornu, and Y. Agid Subthalamic Stimulation in Parkinson Disease: A Multidisciplinary Approach Arch Neurol, April 1, 2000; 57(4): 461 - 465. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. R. Schuurman, D. A. Bosch, P. M.M. Bossuyt, G. J. Bonsel, E. J.W. van Someren, R. M.A. de Bie, M. P. Merkus, and J. D. Speelman A Comparison of Continuous Thalamic Stimulation and Thalamotomy for Suppression of Severe Tremor N. Engl. J. Med., February 17, 2000; 342(7): 461 - 468. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Colcher and M. B. Stern Therapeutics in the Neurorehabilitation of Parkinson's Disease Neurorehabil Neural Repair, December 1, 1999; 13(4): 205 - 218. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hallett and I. Litvan Evaluation of surgery for Parkinson's disease: A Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology Neurology, December 1, 1999; 53(9): 1910 - 1910. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Ashby, Y. J. Kim, R. Kumar, A. E. Lang, and A. M. Lozano Neurophysiological effects of stimulation through electrodes in the human subthalamic nucleus Brain, October 1, 1999; 122(10): 1919 - 1931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Kumar, A. M. Lozano, E. Sime, E. Halket, and A. E. Lang Comparative effects of unilateral and bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation Neurology, August 1, 1999; 53(3): 561 - 561. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Moro, M. Scerrati, L. M. A. Romito, R. Roselli, P. Tonali, and A. Albanese Chronic subthalamic nucleus stimulation reduces medication requirements in Parkinson's disease Neurology, July 1, 1999; 53(1): 85 - 85. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B.-P. Bejjani, P. Damier, I. Arnulf, L. Thivard, A.-M. Bonnet, D. Dormont, P. Cornu, B. Pidoux, Y. Samson, and Y. Agid Transient Acute Depression Induced by High-Frequency Deep-Brain Stimulation N. Engl. J. Med., May 13, 1999; 340(19): 1476 - 1480. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
