| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
From the Departments of Neurology (Dr. Gorell) and Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology (Drs. Rybicki, Johnson, and Peterson), Henry Ford Health System; and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Center in Molecular and Cellular Toxicology with Human Applications (Drs. Gorell, Rybicki, and Johnson), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Jay M. Gorell, Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital and Health Sciences Center, 2799 W. Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether an inverse dose–response relationship exists between cigarette smoking and PD among ever-smokers and ex-smokers.
METHODS: Smoking and alcohol consumption were analyzed in 144 PD patients and 464 control subjects, who were frequency matched for sex, race, and age (±5 years), in a population-based case-control study of men and women 
50 years old in the Henry Ford Health System.
RESULTS: With never-smokers as the reference category, there was an inverse association between current light smokers (>0 to 30 pack-years) and PD patients (odds ratio [OR], 0.59; 95% CI, 0.23 to 1.53), and a stronger inverse association of PD with current heavy smokers (>30 pack-years; OR, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.62). When former >30–pack-year smokers were stratified by the interval since quitting, there was an inverse association between those who stopped >20 years ago and PD (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.42 to 1.75), and a greater inverse relationship with those who stopped 1 to 20 years ago (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.72). Alcohol consumption had no independent, significant association with PD, but heavy drinking (>10 drink-years) had a greater effect than light–moderate drinking in reducing but not eliminating the inverse association between smoking and PD.
CONCLUSIONS: The inverse dose–response relationship between PD and smoking and its cessation is unlikely to be due to bias or confounding, as discussed, providing indirect evidence that smoking is biologically protective.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  E. D. Louis, J. Benito-Leon, F. Bermejo-Pareja, and On behalf of the Neurological Disorders in Central Population-based prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of incident essential tremor Neurology, May 6, 2008; 70(19): 1682 - 1687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Ritz, A. Ascherio, H. Checkoway, K. S. Marder, L. M. Nelson, W. A. Rocca, G. W. Ross, D. Strickland, S. K. Van Den Eeden, and J. Gorell Pooled Analysis of Tobacco Use and Risk of Parkinson Disease Arch Neurol, July 1, 2007; 64(7): 990 - 997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Dick, S. Semple, F. Dick, and A. Seaton Occupational titles as risk factors for Parkinson's disease Occup. Med., January 1, 2007; 57(1): 50 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. L. Fortin, V. M. Nemani, S. M. Voglmaier, M. D. Anthony, T. A. Ryan, and R. H. Edwards Neural Activity Controls the Synaptic Accumulation of {alpha}-Synuclein J. Neurosci., November 23, 2005; 25(47): 10913 - 10921. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A.C. Williams, L.S. Cartwright, and D.B. Ramsden Parkinson's disease: the first common neurological disease due to auto-intoxication? QJM, March 1, 2005; 98(3): 215 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. K. Scott, F. Zhang, J. M. Stajich, B. L. Scott, M. A. Stacy, and J. M. Vance Family-based case-control study of cigarette smoking and Parkinson disease Neurology, February 8, 2005; 64(3): 442 - 447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. A. Sacco, K. L. Bannon, and T. P. George Nicotinic receptor mechanisms and cognition in normal states and neuropsychiatric disorders J Psychopharmacol, December 1, 2004; 18(4): 457 - 474. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Orb, J. Wieacker, C. Labarca, C. Fonck, H. A. Lester, and J. Schwarz Knockin mice with Leu9'Ser {alpha}4-nicotinic receptors: substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons are hypersensitive to agonist and lost postnatally Physiol Genomics, August 11, 2004; 18(3): 299 - 307. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. D. Louis, J. A. Luchsinger, M. X. Tang, and R. Mayeux Parkinsonian signs in older people: Prevalence and associations with smoking and coffee Neurology, July 8, 2003; 61(1): 24 - 28. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. E. Kors, J. Haan, N. J. Giffin, L. Pazdera, C. Schnittger, G. G. Lennox, G. M. Terwindt, F. L. M. J. Vermeulen, A. M. J. M. Van den Maagdenberg, R. R. Frants, et al. Expanding the Phenotypic Spectrum of the CACNA1A Gene T666M Mutation: A Description of 5 Families With Familial Hemiplegic Migraine Arch Neurol, May 1, 2003; 60(5): 684 - 688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B.M. Ravina, S.C. Fagan, R.G. Hart, C.A. Hovinga, D.D. Murphy, T.M. Dawson, and J.R. Marler Neuroprotective agents for clinical trials in Parkinson's disease: A systematic assessment Neurology, April 22, 2003; 60(8): 1234 - 1240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F.-M. Zhou, C. Wilson, and J. A. Dani Muscarinic and Nicotinic Cholinergic Mechanisms in the Mesostriatal Dopamine Systems Neuroscientist, February 1, 2003; 9(1): 23 - 36. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Checkoway, K. Powers, T. Smith-Weller, G. M. Franklin, W. T. Longstreth Jr., and P. D. Swanson Parkinson's Disease Risks Associated with Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Caffeine Intake Am. J. Epidemiol., April 15, 2002; 155(8): 732 - 738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. E. Maher, L. I. Golbe, A. M. Lazzarini, M. H. Mark, L. J. Currie, G. F. Wooten, M. Saint-Hilaire, J. B. Wilk, J. Volcjak, J. E. Maher, et al. Epidemiologic study of 203 sibling pairs with Parkinson's disease: The GenePD study Neurology, January 8, 2002; 58(1): 79 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Vieregge, M. Sieberer, H. Jacobs, J. M. Hagenah, and P. Vieregge Transdermal nicotine in PD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study Neurology, September 25, 2001; 57(6): 1032 - 1035. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Quik, Y. Polonskaya, J. M. Kulak, and J. M. McIntosh Vulnerability of 125I-{alpha}-Conotoxin MII Binding Sites to Nigrostriatal Damage in Monkey J. Neurosci., August 1, 2001; 21(15): 5494 - 5500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Labarca, J. Schwarz, P. Deshpande, S. Schwarz, M. W. Nowak, C. Fonck, R. Nashmi, P. Kofuji, H. Dang, W. Shi, et al. Point mutant mice with hypersensitive alpha 4 nicotinic receptors show dopaminergic deficits and increased anxiety PNAS, February 15, 2001; (2001) 41582598. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Goldacre, L. Kurina, D. Yeates, V. Seagroatt, and L. Gill Use of large medical databases to study associations between diseases QJM, October 1, 2000; 93(10): 669 - 675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Vanacore, V. Bonifati, G. Fabbrini, C. Colosimo, R. Marconi, D. Nicholl, U. Bonuccelli, F. Stocchi, P. Lamberti, G. Volpe, et al. Smoking habits in multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy Neurology, January 11, 2000; 54(1): 114 - 114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Serova, E. Danailov, F. Chamas, and E. L. Sabban Nicotine Infusion Modulates Immobilization Stress-Triggered Induction of Gene Expression of Rat Catecholamine Biosynthetic Enzymes J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., November 1, 1999; 291(2): 884 - 892. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Labarca, J. Schwarz, P. Deshpande, S. Schwarz, M. W. Nowak, C. Fonck, R. Nashmi, P. Kofuji, H. Dang, W. Shi, et al. Point mutant mice with hypersensitive alpha 4 nicotinic receptors show dopaminergic deficits and increased anxiety PNAS, February 27, 2001; 98(5): 2786 - 2791. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
