HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Figures Only Full Text Correspondence: Submit a response Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when Correspondence are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Qureshi, A. I. Articles by Croft, J. B. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Qureshi, A. I. Articles by Croft, J. B.

Racial differences in the incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage

Effects of blood pressure and education

From the Cardiovascular Health Branch (Drs. Giles and Croft), Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; and the Division of Neuroscience and Critical Care Medicine (Dr. Qureshi), Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Wayne H. Giles, Cardiovascular Health Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy., MS K-45, Atlanta, GA 30341.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative risk (RR) of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) among African Americans compared with that among whites.

METHODS: Data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study were used to determine the incidence of ICH (n = 78) in 10,851 whites and 1,802 African Americans during a 20-year follow-up period. Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to determine the RR of ICH among African Americans compared with that among whites.

RESULTS: The estimated annual incidence of ICH was 50 per 100,000 among African Americans and 28 per 100,000 among whites. The age- and sex-adjusted RR for ICH among African Americans was 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 3.2). With the addition of systolic blood pressure and educational attainment to the Cox proportional hazards model, the RR decreased to 1.6 (95% CI, 0.9 to 2.7). The adjustment for additional cerebrovascular disease risk factors did not change this risk estimate appreciably.

CONCLUSIONS: Compared with whites, African Americans have a twofold increased risk for ICH. Most of this risk may be explained by differences in educational attainment and systolic blood pressure. Unless additional efforts are undertaken to reduce racial differences in the prevalence of stroke risk factors, mainly systolic blood pressure and socioeconomic status, the African American–white disparities in the risk for ICH will likely continue.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				N. C. Smeeton, P. U. Heuschmann, A. G. Rudd, A. W. McEvoy, N. D. Kitchen, S. J. Sarker, and C. D.A. Wolfe Incidence of Hemorrhagic Stroke in Black Caribbean, Black African, and White Populations: The South London Stroke Register, 1995 2004 Stroke, December 1, 2007; 38(12): 3133 - 3138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Sturgeon, A. R. Folsom, W.T. Longstreth Jr, E. Shahar, W. D. Rosamond, and M. Cushman Risk Factors for Intracerebral Hemorrhage in a Pooled Prospective Study Stroke, October 1, 2007; 38(10): 2718 - 2725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. W. Yoon, H. J. Bae, K. S. Hong, S. M. Lee, B. J. Park, K. H. Yu, M. K. Han, Y. S. Lee, D. K. Chung, J. M. Park, et al. Phenylpropanolamine contained in cold remedies and risk of hemorrhagic stroke Neurology, January 9, 2007; 68(2): 146 - 149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. L. Labovitz, A. Halim, B. Boden-Albala, W. A. Hauser, and R. L. Sacco The incidence of deep and lobar intracerebral hemorrhage in whites, blacks, and Hispanics Neurology, August 23, 2005; 65(4): 518 - 522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. Bravata, C. K. Wells, B. Gulanski, W. N. Kernan, L. M. Brass, J. Long, and J. Concato Racial Disparities in Stroke Risk Factors: The Impact of Socioeconomic Status Stroke, July 1, 2005; 36(7): 1507 - 1511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. M. Manno, J. L. D. Atkinson, J. R. Fulgham, and E. F. M. Wijdicks Emerging Medical and Surgical Management Strategies in the Evaluation and Treatment of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Mayo Clin. Proc., March 1, 2005; 80(3): 420 - 433. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. I. Qureshi, M. F. K. Suri, Y. Mohammad, L. R. Guterman, and L. N. Hopkins Isolated and Borderline Isolated Systolic Hypertension Relative to Long-Term Risk and Type of Stroke: A 20-Year Follow-Up of the National Health and Nutrition Survey Stroke, December 1, 2002; 33(12): 2781 - 2788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C D A Wolfe, A G Rudd, R Howard, C Coshall, J Stewart, E Lawrence, C Hajat, and T Hillen Incidence and case fatality rates of stroke subtypes in a multiethnic population: the South London Stroke Register J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, February 1, 2002; 72(2): 211 - 216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. I. Qureshi, S. Tuhrim, J. P. Broderick, H. H. Batjer, H. Hondo, and D. F. Hanley Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage N. Engl. J. Med., May 10, 2001; 344(19): 1450 - 1460. [Full Text] [PDF]