| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
From the Karl-Franzens University (Dr. Fazekas), Graz, Austria; Vrije Universiteit Hospital (Dr. Barkhof), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele (Dr. Filippi), Neuroimaging Research Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Milan, Italy; University of Pennsylvania Medical Center (Dr. Grossman), Philadelphia, PA; University of British Columbia (Drs. Li and Paty), Vancouver, Canada; Institute of Neurology (Drs. McDonald and Miller), London, UK; National Institutes of Health (Dr. McFarland), Bethesda, MD; University of Colorado Health Sciences Center (Dr. Simon), Denver, CO; and University of Texas Medical School at Houston (Dr. Wolinsky), Houston, TX.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Franz Fazekas, Department of Neurology and MRI Center, Karl-Franzens University, Auenbruggerplatz 22, A-8036 Graz, Austria; e-mail: franz.fazekas{at}kfunigraz.ac.at
MRI is very sensitive in showing MS lesions throughout the CNS. Using MRI for diagnostic purposes, however useful, is a complex issue because of limited specificity of findings and a variety of options as to when, how, and which patients to examine. Comparability of data and a common view regarding the impact of MRI are needed. Following a review of the typical appearance and pattern of MS lesions including differential diagnostic considerations, we suggest economic MRI examination protocols for the brain and spine. Recommendations for referral to MRI consider the need to avoid misdiagnosis and the probability of detecting findings of diagnostic relevance. We also suggest MRI classes of evidence for MS to determine the diagnostic weight of findings and their incorporation into the clinical evaluation. These proposals should help to optimize and standardize the use of MRI in the diagnosis of MS.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  C. F. Lucchinetti, R. H. Gavrilova, I. Metz, J. E. Parisi, B. W. Scheithauer, S. Weigand, K. Thomsen, J. Mandrekar, A. Altintas, B. J. Erickson, et al. Clinical and radiographic spectrum of pathologically confirmed tumefactive multiple sclerosis Brain, July 1, 2008; 131(7): 1759 - 1775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Nessler, S. Boretius, C. Stadelmann, A. Bittner, D. Merkler, H.-P. Hartung, T. Michaelis, W. Bruck, J. Frahm, N. Sommer, et al. Early MRI changes in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis are predictive of severe inflammatory tissue damage Brain, August 1, 2007; 130(8): 2186 - 2198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. C. Fossey, C. L. Vnencak-Jones, N. J. Olsen, S. Sriram, G. Garrison, X. Deng, P. S. Crooke III, and T. M. Aune Identification of Molecular Biomarkers for Multiple Sclerosis J. Mol. Diagn., April 1, 2007; 9(2): 197 - 204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Iskedjian, J. H Walker, T. Gray, C. Vicente, T. R Einarson, and A. Gehshan Economic evaluation of Avonex(R) (interferon beta-1a) in patients following a single demyelinating event Multiple Sclerosis, October 1, 2005; 11(5): 542 - 551. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. J. Lisanti, P. Asbach, and W. G. Bradley Jr. The Ependymal "Dot-Dash" Sign: An MR Imaging Finding of Early Multiple Sclerosis AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., September 1, 2005; 26(8): 2033 - 2036. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Carmosino, K. M. Brousseau, D. B. Arciniegas, and J. R. Corboy Initial Evaluations for Multiple Sclerosis in a University Multiple Sclerosis Center: Outcomes and Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Referral Arch Neurol, April 1, 2005; 62(4): 585 - 590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G R W. Moore MRI Correlates of MS Pathologic Subtypes Multiple Sclerosis, February 1, 2005; 11(1): 103 - 105. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Bakshi, G. J. Hutton, J. R. Miller, and E.-W. Radue The use of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and long-term management of multiple sclerosis Neurology, December 14, 2004; 63(11_suppl_5): S3 - S11. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Achiron, I. Kishner, I. Sarova-Pinhas, H. Raz, M. Faibel, Y. Stern, M. Lavie, M. Gurevich, M. Dolev, D. Magalashvili, et al. Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment Following the First Demyelinating Event Suggestive of Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Arch Neurol, October 1, 2004; 61(10): 1515 - 1520. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Barkhof, W. Bruck, C. J. A. De Groot, E. Bergers, S. Hulshof, J. Geurts, C. H. Polman, and P. van der Valk Remyelinated Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis: Magnetic Resonance Image Appearance Arch Neurol, August 1, 2003; 60(8): 1073 - 1081. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. J. L. Oberstein, R. van den Boom, H. A. M. Middelkoop, M. D. Ferrari, Y. M. Knaap, H. C. van Houwelingen, M. H. Breuning, M. A. van Buchem, and J. Haan Incipient CADASIL Arch Neurol, May 1, 2003; 60(5): 707 - 712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A Achiron and Y Barak Cognitive impairment in probable multiple sclerosis J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, April 1, 2003; 74(4): 443 - 446. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I Nakashima, K Fujihara, T Misu, J Fujimori, S Sato, S Takase, and Y Itoyama A comparative study of Japanese multiple sclerosis patients with and without oligoclonal IgG bands Multiple Sclerosis, December 1, 2002; 8(6): 459 - 462. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. S. Burks, B. G. Arnason, P. K. Coyle, C. C. Ford, A. Noronha, and K. W. Rammohan Issues and Practices in Multiple Sclerosis Neurorehabil Neural Repair, December 1, 2002; 16(4): 307 - 320. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
CHAMPS Study Group MRI predictors of early conversion to clinically definite MS in the CHAMPS placebo group Neurology, October 8, 2002; 59(7): 998 - 1005. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. Gonen, D. M. Moriarty, B. S. Y. Li, J. S. Babb, J. He, J. Listerud, D. Jacobs, C. E. Markowitz, and R. I. Grossman Relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis and Whole-Brain N-Acetylaspartate Measurement: Evidence for Different Clinical Cohorts—Initial Observations Radiology, October 1, 2002; 225(1): 261 - 268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Rovaris, M. Holtmannspotter, M. Rocca, G. Iannucci, M. Codella, B. Viti, A. Campi, G. Comi, T. Yousry, and M. Filippi Contribution of cervical cord MRI and brain magnetization transfer imaging to the assessment of individual patients with multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study Multiple Sclerosis, September 1, 2002; 8(1_suppl): 52 - 58. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. McFarland The emerging role of MRI in multiple sclerosis and the new diagnostic criteria Multiple Sclerosis, September 1, 2002; 8(1_suppl): 71 - 72. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Achiron and M. Faibel Sandlike Appearance of Virchow-Robin Spaces in Early Multiple Sclerosis: A Novel Neuroradiologic Marker AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., March 1, 2002; 23(3): 376 - 380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Rovaris, M Holtmannspotter, M A Rocca, G Iannucci, M Codella, B Viti, A Campi, G Comi, T A Yousry, and M Filippi Contribution of cervical cord MRI and brain magnetization transfer imaging to the assessment of individual patients with multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study Multiple Sclerosis, February 1, 2002; 8(1): 52 - 58. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H F McFarland The emerging role of MRI in multiple sclerosis and the new diagnostic criteria Multiple Sclerosis, February 1, 2002; 8(1): 71 - 72. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Bakshi, R. H. B. Benedict, R. A. Bermel, S. D. Caruthers, S. R. Puli, C. W. Tjoa, A. J. Fabiano, and L. Jacobs T2 Hypointensity in the Deep Gray Matter of Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study Arch Neurol, January 1, 2002; 59(1): 62 - 68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Scolding and J MOTTERSHEAD THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, December 1, 2001; 71(suppl_2): ii9 - ii15. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Bruck, K. Neubert, T. Berger, and J. R Weber Clinical, radiological, immunological and pathological findings in inflammatory CNS demyelination-possible markers for an antibody-mediated process Multiple Sclerosis, June 1, 2001; 7(3): 173 - 177. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. He, R. I. Grossman, Y. Ge, and L. J. Mannon Enhancing Patterns in Multiple Sclerosis: Evolution and Persistence AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., April 1, 2001; 22(4): 664 - 669. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Sirikci, O. Gout, and D. Ayache Susac Syndrome and Multiple Sclerosis Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, April 1, 2001; 127(4): 468 - 468. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. R. W. Moore, E. Leung, A. L. MacKay, I. M. Vavasour, K. P. Whittall, K. S. Cover, D. K. B. Li, S. A. Hashimoto, J. Oger, T. J. Sprinkle, et al. A pathology-MRI study of the short-T2 component in formalin-fixed multiple sclerosis brain Neurology, November 28, 2000; 55(10): 1506 - 1510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ropele, S. Strasser-Fuchs, M. Augustin, R. Stollberger, C. Enzinger, H.-P. Hartung, and F. Fazekas A Comparison of Magnetization Transfer Ratio, Magnetization Transfer Rate, and the Native Relaxation Time of Water Protons Related to Relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., November 1, 2000; 21(10): 1885 - 1891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Filippi, M. Inglese, M. Rovaris, M. P. Sormani, M. A. Horsfield, G. Iannucci, B. Colombo, and G. Comi Magnetization transfer imaging to monitor the evolution of MS: A 1-year follow-up study Neurology, October 10, 2000; 55(7): 940 - 946. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Janardhan and R. Bakshi Quality of Life and Its Relationship to Brain Lesions and Atrophy on Magnetic Resonance Images in 60 Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Arch Neurol, October 1, 2000; 57(10): 1485 - 1491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. D. Jacobs, R. W. Beck, J. H. Simon, R. P. Kinkel, C. M. Brownscheidle, T. J. Murray, N. A. Simonian, P. J. Slasor, A. W. Sandrock, and The CHAMPS Study Group Intramuscular Interferon Beta-1A Therapy Initiated during a First Demyelinating Event in Multiple Sclerosis N. Engl. J. Med., September 28, 2000; 343(13): 898 - 904. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Lev Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of multiple sclerosis: added clinical value or "just another pretty face?". AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., May 1, 2000; 21(5): 805 - 808. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Niederwieser, S. Schmidt, and U. Schlegel Lethal capillary leak syndrome after a single administration of interferon beta-1b Neurology, April 11, 2000; 54(7): 1542 - 1546. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. J. Bot, F. Barkhof, G. L. a Nijeholt, D. van Schaardenburg, A. E. Voskuyl, H. J. Ader, J. A. L. Pijnenburg, C. H. Polman, B. M. J. Uitdehaag, E. G. J. Vermeulen, et al. Differentiation of Multiple Sclerosis from Other Inflammatory Disorders and Cerebrovascular Disease: Value of Spinal MR Imaging Radiology, April 1, 2002; 223(1): 46 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
