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Study GroupsFrom the University Department of Neurology (Dr. Gorter), University Hospital Utrecht, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rotterdam Dijkzigt, the Netherlands.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Ale Algra, University Hospital Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands.
OBJECTIVE: To assess independent predictors of hemorrhage in 651 anticoagulated patients.
BACKGROUND: An excess incidence of major bleeding (7% per year) in patients with nondisabling cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin treated with oral anticoagulation led to early termination of the Stroke Prevention In Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT).
METHODS: The relationship between known risk factors and hemorrhage was assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses. We compared the risk factors with those in 225 patients anticoagulated because of cerebral ischemia with atrial fibrillation in the European Atrial Fibrillation Trial (EAFT).
RESULTS: Leukoaraiosis (hazard ratio [HR] 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4 to 5.3) and age older than 65 years (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.4) were independent predictors of all anticoagulation-related hemorrhages in SPIRIT. The incidence of intracranial bleeding in SPIRIT was 3.7% per year; this incidence increased by a factor of 1.37 for each 0.5 unit international normalized ratio (INR). Patients with cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin had a 19 times (95% CI 2.4 to 150) higher risk of intracranial hemorrhages than those with atrial fibrillation after correcting for baseline differences between SPIRIT and EAFT patients.
CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the intensity of anticoagulation, leukoaraiosis and age older than 65 years are independent risk factors for bleeding in patients anticoagulated because of cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. These patients have a higher inherent risk of anticoagulation-related intracranial hemorrhages than patients with atrial fibrillation.
Key words: Hemorrhage—Anticoagulation—Cerebral ischemia—Risk factors—Leukoaraiosis—Atrial fibrillation.
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