Neurology 1999;53:1319
© 1999 American Academy of Neurology
Articles
Major bleeding during anticoagulation after cerebral ischemia
Patterns and risk factors
J. W. Gorter, MD,
for the Stroke Prevention In Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT)*,
and European Atrial Fibrillation Trial (EAFT), Study Groups
From the University Department of Neurology (Dr. Gorter), University Hospital Utrecht, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rotterdam Dijkzigt, the Netherlands.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Ale Algra, University Hospital Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands.
OBJECTIVE: To assess independent predictors of hemorrhage in 651 anticoagulated patients.
BACKGROUND: An excess incidence of major bleeding (7% per year) in patients with nondisabling cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin treated with oral anticoagulation led to early termination of the Stroke Prevention In Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT).
METHODS: The relationship between known risk factors and hemorrhage was assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses. We compared the risk factors with those in 225 patients anticoagulated because of cerebral ischemia with atrial fibrillation in the European Atrial Fibrillation Trial (EAFT).
RESULTS: Leukoaraiosis (hazard ratio [HR] 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4 to 5.3) and age older than 65 years (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.4) were independent predictors of all anticoagulation-related hemorrhages in SPIRIT. The incidence of intracranial bleeding in SPIRIT was 3.7% per year; this incidence increased by a factor of 1.37 for each 0.5 unit international normalized ratio (INR). Patients with cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin had a 19 times (95% CI 2.4 to 150) higher risk of intracranial hemorrhages than those with atrial fibrillation after correcting for baseline differences between SPIRIT and EAFT patients.
CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the intensity of anticoagulation, leukoaraiosis and age older than 65 years are independent risk factors for bleeding in patients anticoagulated because of cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. These patients have a higher inherent risk of anticoagulation-related intracranial hemorrhages than patients with atrial fibrillation.
Key words: Hemorrhage—Anticoagulation—Cerebral ischemia—Risk factors—Leukoaraiosis—Atrial fibrillation.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
M. Lou, A. Al-Hazzani, R. P. Goddeau Jr, V. Novak, and M. Selim
Relationship Between White-Matter Hyperintensities and Hematoma Volume and Growth in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Stroke,
January 1, 2010;
41(1):
34 - 40.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Shima, E. Ishimura, T. Naganuma, T. Yamazaki, I. Kobayashi, K. Shidara, K. Mori, Y. Takemoto, T. Shoji, M. Inaba, et al.
Cerebral microbleeds in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.,
December 27, 2009;
(2009)
gfp694v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. N. Orken, G. Kenangil, E. Uysal, and H. Forta
Cerebral Microbleeds in Ischemic Stroke Patients on Warfarin Treatment
Stroke,
November 1, 2009;
40(11):
3638 - 3640.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Singer, Y. Chang, M. C. Fang, L. H. Borowsky, N. K. Pomernacki, N. Udaltsova, and A. S. Go
Should Patient Characteristics Influence Target Anticoagulation Intensity for Stroke Prevention in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation?: The ATRIA Study
Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes,
July 1, 2009;
2(4):
297 - 304.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-H. Lee, W.-S. Ryu, and J.-K. Roh
Cerebral microbleeds are a risk factor for warfarin-related intracerebral hemorrhage
Neurology,
January 13, 2009;
72(2):
171 - 176.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Eckman, L. K.S. Wong, Y. O.Y. Soo, W. Lam, S. R. Yang, S. M. Greenberg, and J. Rosand
Patient-Specific Decision-Making for Warfarin Therapy in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: How Will Screening With Genetics and Imaging Help? * Supplemental Appendix
Stroke,
December 1, 2008;
39(12):
3308 - 3315.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Ueno, H. Naka, T. Ohshita, K. Kondo, E. Nomura, T. Ohtsuki, T. Kohriyama, S. Wakabayashi, and M. Matsumoto
Association between Cerebral Microbleeds on T2*-Weighted MR Images and Recurrent Hemorrhagic Stroke in Patients Treated with Warfarin following Ischemic Stroke
AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.,
September 1, 2008;
29(8):
1483 - 1486.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Singer, G. W. Albers, J. E. Dalen, M. C. Fang, A. S. Go, J. L. Halperin, G. Y. H. Lip, and W. J. Manning
Antithrombotic Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)
Chest,
June 1, 2008;
133(6_suppl):
546S - 592S.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B Mazouz, A Keren, and A Chenzbraun
Age alone is not a risk factor for left atrial thrombus in atrial fibrillation
Heart,
February 1, 2008;
94(2):
197 - 199.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. A. Nutescu
ASHP Therapeutic Position Statement on Antithrombotic Therapy in Chronic Atrial Fibrillation
Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm.,
November 1, 2007;
64(21):
2281 - 2291.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Oake, D. A. Fergusson, A. J. Forster, and C. van Walraven
Frequency of adverse events in patients with poor anticoagulation: a meta-analysis
Can. Med. Assoc. J.,
May 22, 2007;
176(11):
1589 - 1594.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Palumbo, J. M. Boulanger, M. D. Hill, D. Inzitari, A. M. Buchan, and on behalf of the CASES Investigators
Leukoaraiosis and intracerebral hemorrhage after thrombolysis in acute stroke
Neurology,
March 27, 2007;
68(13):
1020 - 1024.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Flaherty, B. Kissela, D. Woo, D. Kleindorfer, K. Alwell, P. Sekar, C. J. Moomaw, M. Haverbusch, and J. P. Broderick
The increasing incidence of anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage
Neurology,
January 9, 2007;
68(2):
116 - 121.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Neumann-Haefelin, S. Hoelig, J. Berkefeld, J. Fiehler, A. Gass, M. Humpich, A. Kastrup, T. Kucinski, O. Lecei, D. S. Liebeskind, et al.
Leukoaraiosis Is a Risk Factor for Symptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage After Thrombolysis for Acute Stroke
Stroke,
October 1, 2006;
37(10):
2463 - 2466.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Writing Committee Members, V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: full text: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society
Europace,
September 1, 2006;
8(9):
651 - 745.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, J. E. Lowe, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
August 15, 2006;
48(4):
e149 - e246.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, J. E. Lowe, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society
Circulation,
August 15, 2006;
114(7):
e257 - e354.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Sacco, R. Adams, G. Albers, M. J. Alberts, O. Benavente, K. Furie, L. B. Goldstein, P. Gorelick, J. Halperin, R. Harbaugh, et al.
Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: Co-Sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline.
Circulation,
March 14, 2006;
113(10):
e409 - e449.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Sacco, R. Adams, G. Albers, M. J. Alberts, O. Benavente, K. Furie, L. B. Goldstein, P. Gorelick, J. Halperin, R. Harbaugh, et al.
Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: Co-Sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline.
Stroke,
February 1, 2006;
37(2):
577 - 617.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. B. Huttner, T. Steiner, M. Hartmann, M. Kohrmann, E. Juettler, S. Mueller, J. Wikner, U. Meyding-Lamade, P. Schramm, S. Schwab, et al.
Comparison of ABC/2 Estimation Technique to Computer-Assisted Planimetric Analysis in Warfarin-Related Intracerebral Parenchymal Hemorrhage
Stroke,
February 1, 2006;
37(2):
404 - 408.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-C. Koennecke
Cerebral microbleeds on MRI: Prevalence, associations, and potential clinical implications
Neurology,
January 24, 2006;
66(2):
165 - 171.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. C. Howard, A. Algra, C. P. Warlow, and P. M. Rothwell
Potential Consequences for Recruitment, Power, and External Validity of Requirements for Additional Risk Factors for Eligibility in Randomized Controlled Trials in Secondary Prevention of Stroke
Stroke,
January 1, 2006;
37(1):
209 - 215.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Steiner, J. Rosand, and M. Diringer
Intracerebral Hemorrhage Associated With Oral Anticoagulant Therapy: Current Practices and Unresolved Questions
Stroke,
January 1, 2006;
37(1):
256 - 262.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Werring, L. J. Coward, N. A. Losseff, H. R. Jager, and M. M. Brown
Cerebral microbleeds are common in ischemic stroke but rare in TIA
Neurology,
December 27, 2005;
65(12):
1914 - 1918.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. G. Hart, S. B. Tonarelli, and L. A. Pearce
Avoiding Central Nervous System Bleeding During Antithrombotic Therapy: Recent Data and Ideas
Stroke,
July 1, 2005;
36(7):
1588 - 1593.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R Fuller and N J Dudley
Atrial fibrillation: will new drugs and patient choice improve anticoagulation outcomes?
Heart,
April 1, 2005;
91(4):
423 - 424.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. O'Brien and B. F. Gage
Costs and Effectiveness of Ximelagatran for Stroke Prophylaxis in Chronic Atrial Fibrillation
JAMA,
February 9, 2005;
293(6):
699 - 706.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Fang, Y. Chang, E. M. Hylek, J. Rosand, S. M. Greenberg, A. S. Go, and D. E. Singer
Advanced Age, Anticoagulation Intensity, and Risk for Intracranial Hemorrhage among Patients Taking Warfarin for Atrial Fibrillation
Ann Intern Med,
November 16, 2004;
141(10):
745 - 752.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. E. Smith, M. E. Gurol, J. A. Eng, C. R. Engel, T. N. Nguyen, J. Rosand, and S. M. Greenberg
White matter lesions, cognition, and recurrent hemorrhage in lobar intracerebral hemorrhage
Neurology,
November 9, 2004;
63(9):
1606 - 1612.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. I. Shireman, P. A. Howard, T. F. Kresowik, and E. F. Ellerbeck
Combined Anticoagulant-Antiplatelet Use and Major Bleeding Events in Elderly Atrial Fibrillation Patients
Stroke,
October 1, 2004;
35(10):
2362 - 2367.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Singer, G. W. Albers, J. E. Dalen, A. S. Go, J. L. Halperin, and W. J. Manning
Antithrombotic Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy
Chest,
September 1, 2004;
126(3_suppl):
429S - 456S.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Kearon
Long-Term Management of Patients After Venous Thromboembolism
Circulation,
August 31, 2004;
110(9_suppl_1):
I-10 - I-18.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Ezekowitz and R. H. Falk
The Increasing Need for Anticoagulant Therapy to Prevent Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Mayo Clin. Proc.,
July 1, 2004;
79(7):
904 - 913.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.J. Ariesen, A. Algra, P.J. Koudstaal, P.M. Rothwell, C. van Walraven, and for the AFASAK, DTT, EAFT, PATAF, SPAF, SPIRIT, an
Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Patients With Arterial Versus Cardiac Origin of Cerebral Ischemia on Aspirin or Placebo: Analysis of Individual Patient Data From 9 Trials
Stroke,
March 1, 2004;
35(3):
710 - 714.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Inzitari
Leukoaraiosis: An Independent Risk Factor for Stroke?
Stroke,
August 1, 2003;
34(8):
2067 - 2071.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ESPRIT
Oral Anticoagulation in Patients After Cerebral Ischemia of Arterial Origin and Risk of Intracranial Hemorrhage
Stroke,
June 1, 2003;
34
(6):
e45 - e46.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
July 23 Highlights
Neurology,
July 23, 2002;
59(2):
153 - 155.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. E. Smith, J. Rosand, K. A. Knudsen, E. M. Hylek, and S. M. Greenberg
Leukoaraiosis is associated with warfarin-related hemorrhage following ischemic stroke
Neurology,
July 23, 2002;
59(2):
193 - 197.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Kato, M. Izumiyama, K. Izumiyama, A. Takahashi, and Y. Itoyama
Silent Cerebral Microbleeds on T2*-Weighted MRI: Correlation with Stroke Subtype, Stroke Recurrence, and Leukoaraiosis
Stroke,
June 1, 2002;
33(6):
1536 - 1540.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Ruiz-Irastorza, M. A. Khamashta, B. J. Hunt, A. Escudero, M. J. Cuadrado, and G. R. V. Hughes
Bleeding and Recurrent Thrombosis in Definite Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Analysis of a Series of 66 Patients Treated With Oral Anticoagulation to a Target International Normalized Ratio of 3.5
Arch Intern Med,
May 27, 2002;
162(10):
1164 - 1169.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Woo, L. R. Sauerbeck, B. M. Kissela, J. C. Khoury, J. P. Szaflarski, J. Gebel, R. Shukla, A. M. Pancioli, E. C. Jauch, A. G. Menon, et al.
Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Preliminary Results of a Population-Based Study * Editorial Comment: Preliminary Results of a Population-Based Study
Stroke,
May 1, 2002;
33(5):
1190 - 1196.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S. Kidwell, J. L. Saver, J. P. Villablanca, G. Duckwiler, A. Fredieu, K. Gough, M. C. Leary, S. Starkman, Y. P. Gobin, R. Jahan, et al.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Detection of Microbleeds Before Thrombolysis: An Emerging Application
Stroke,
January 1, 2002;
33(1):
95 - 98.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Torn, MD;, A. Algra, MD;, and F.R. Rosendaal, MD
Oral anticoagulation for cerebral ischemia of arterial origin: High initial bleeding risk
Neurology,
December 11, 2001;
57(11):
1993 - 1999.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.P. Mohr, J.L.P. Thompson, R.M. Lazar, B. Levin, R.L. Sacco, K.L. Furie, J.P. Kistler, G.W. Albers, L.C. Pettigrew, H.P. Adams Jr., et al.
A Comparison of Warfarin and Aspirin for the Prevention of Recurrent Ischemic Stroke
N. Engl. J. Med.,
November 15, 2001;
345(20):
1444 - 1451.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Sjoblom, H.-G. Hardemark, A. Lindgren, B. Norrving, M. Fahlen, M. Samuelsson, L. Stigendal, D. Stockelberg, A. Taghavi, L. Wallrup, et al.
Management and Prognostic Features of Intracerebral Hemorrhage During Anticoagulant Therapy: A Swedish Multicenter Study
Stroke,
November 1, 2001;
32(11):
2567 - 2574.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, R. W. Asinger, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, R. L. Frye, J. L. Halperin, G. N. Kay, W. W. Klein, S. Levy, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology
Circulation,
October 23, 2001;
104(17):
2118 - 2150.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology
Eur. Heart J.,
October 2, 2001;
22(20):
1852 - 1923.
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, R. W. Asinger, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, R. L. Frye, J. L. Halperin, G. N. Kay, W. W. Klein, S. Levy, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
October 1, 2001;
38(4):
1231 - 1265.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J. Quilliam, K. L. Lapane, C. B. Eaton, and V. Mor
Effect of Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Agents on Risk of Hospitalization for Bleeding Among a Population of Elderly Nursing Home Stroke Survivors
Stroke,
October 1, 2001;
32(10):
2299 - 2304.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J. Quilliam, K. L. Lapane, and C. Leibson
Clinical Correlates and Drug Treatment of Residents With Stroke in Long-Term Care Editorial Comment
Stroke,
June 1, 2001;
32(6):
1385 - 1393.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G Ruiz-Irastorza, M A Khamashta, and G R. Hughes
Antiaggregant and anticoagulant therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus and Hughes' syndrome
Lupus,
March 1, 2001;
10(3):
241 - 245.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. G. Hart and J. L. Halperin
Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke : Concepts and Controversies
Stroke,
March 1, 2001;
32(3):
803 - 808.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. G. Hart
What causes intracerebral hemorrhage during warfarin therapy?
Neurology,
October 10, 2000;
55(7):
907 - 908.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Rosand, E. M. Hylek, H. C. O'Donnell, and S. M. Greenberg
Warfarin-associated hemorrhage and cerebral amyloid angiopathy: A genetic and pathologic study
Neurology,
October 10, 2000;
55(7):
947 - 951.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Evans, I. Perez, G. Yu, and L. Kalra
Secondary Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation : Lessons From Clinical Practice
Stroke,
September 1, 2000;
31(9):
2106 - 2111.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. C. Nahser, H. Henkes, W. Weber, E. Berg-Dammer, T. A. Yousry, and D. Kuhne
Intracranial Vertebrobasilar Stenosis:Angioplasty and Follow-up
AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.,
July 1, 2000;
21(7):
1293 - 1301.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F.-E. de Leeuw, J. C. de Groot, M. Oudkerk, J. A. Kors, A. Hofman, J. van Gijn, and M. M. B. Breteler
Atrial fibrillation and the risk of cerebral white matter lesions
Neurology,
May 9, 2000;
54(9):
1795 - 1801.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Hill, F. L. Silver, P. C. Austin, and J. V. Tu
Rate of Stroke Recurrence in Patients With Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Stroke,
January 1, 2000;
31(1):
123 - 127.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
