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 Volume 56, Number 9, May 08, 2001
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Neurology 2001;56:1143-1153
© 2001 American Academy of Neurology
Special Articles

Practice parameter: Diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review)

Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology D. S. Knopman, MD;, S. T. DeKosky, MD;, J. L. Cummings, MD;, H. Chui, MD;, J. Corey–Bloom, MD, PhD;, N. Relkin, MD, PhD;, G. W. Small, MD;, B. Miller, MD; and J. C. Stevens, MD

From the Department of Neurology (Dr. Knopman), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (Dr. DeKosky), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Science (Dr. Cummings), University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (Dr. Chui), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurosciences (Dr. Corey–Bloom), University of California at San Diego; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (Dr. Relkin), New York Presbyterian–Weill Cornell Medical College; Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital (Dr. Small), University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (Dr. Miller), University of California at San Francisco; Lutheran Medical Office (Dr. Stevens), Fort Wayne, IN.

OBJECTIVE: To update the 1994 practice parameter for the diagnosis of dementia in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: The AAN previously published a practice parameter on dementia in 1994. New research and clinical developments warrant an update of some aspects of diagnosis.

METHODS: Studies published in English from 1985 through 1999 were identified that addressed four questions: 1) Are the current criteria for the diagnosis of dementia reliable? 2) Are the current diagnostic criteria able to establish a diagnosis for the prevalent dementias in the elderly? 3) Do laboratory tests improve the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of dementing illness? 4) What comorbidities should be evaluated in elderly patients undergoing an initial assessment for dementia?

RECOMMENDATIONS: Based on evidence in the literature, the following recommendations are made. 1) The DSM-III-R definition of dementia is reliable and should be used (Guideline). 2) The National Institute of Neurologic, Communicative Disorders and Stroke–AD and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 3rd edition, revised (DSM-IIIR) diagnostic criteria for AD and clinical criteria for Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) have sufficient reliability and validity and should be used (Guideline). Diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia may be of use in clinical practice (Option) but have imperfect reliability and validity. 3) Structural neuroimaging with either a noncontrast CT or MR scan in the initial evaluation of patients with dementia is appropriate. Because of insufficient data on validity, no other imaging procedure is recommended (Guideline). There are currently no genetic markers recommended for routine diagnostic purposes (Guideline). The CSF 14-3-3 protein is useful for confirming or rejecting the diagnosis of CJD (Guideline). 4) Screening for depression, B12 deficiency, and hypothyroidism should be performed (Guideline). Screening for syphilis in patients with dementia is not justified unless clinical suspicion for neurosyphilis is present (Guideline).

CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic criteria for dementia have improved since the 1994 practice parameter. Further research is needed to improve clinical definitions of dementia and its subtypes, as well as to determine the utility of various instruments of neuroimaging, biomarkers, and genetic testing in increasing diagnostic accuracy.




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Arch Intern Med, October 13, 2003; 163(18): 2219 - 2229.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurol. Neurosurg. PsychiatryHome page
G B Frisoni, P h Scheltens, S Galluzzi, F M Nobili, N C Fox, P H Robert, H Soininen, L-O Wahlund, G Waldemar, and E Salmon
Neuroimaging tools to rate regional atrophy, subcortical cerebrovascular disease, and regional cerebral blood flow and metabolism: consensus paper of the EADC
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, October 1, 2003; 74(10): 1371 - 1381.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mayo Clin Proc.Home page
D. S. Knopman, B. F. Boeve, and R. C. Petersen
Essentials of the Proper Diagnoses of Mild Cognitive Impairment, Dementia, and Major Subtypes of Dementia
Mayo Clin. Proc., October 1, 2003; 78(10): 1290 - 1308.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 NEJMHome page
C. H. Kawas
Early Alzheimer's Disease
N. Engl. J. Med., September 11, 2003; 349(11): 1056 - 1063.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J Am Board Fam MedHome page
T. C. Rosenthal and N. Khotianov
Managing Alzheimer Dementia Tomorrow
J Am Board Fam Med, September 1, 2003; 16(5): 423 - 434.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Arch NeurolHome page
D. Galasko
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer Disease: A Fractional Improvement?
Arch Neurol, September 1, 2003; 60(9): 1195 - 1196.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 NeurologyHome page
N. Huang, S. K. Marie, J. A. Livramento, R. Chammas, and R. Nitrini
14-3-3 protein in the CSF of patients with rapidly progressive dementia
Neurology, August 12, 2003; 61(3): 354 - 357.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 RadiologyHome page
P. M. McMahon, S. S. Araki, E. A. Sandberg, P. J. Neumann, and G. S. Gazelle
Cost-Effectiveness of PET in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease
Radiology, August 1, 2003; 228(2): 515 - 522.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Arch NeurolHome page
A. L. Boxer, K. P. Rankin, B. L. Miller, N. Schuff, M. Weiner, M.-L. Gorno-Tempini, and H. J. Rosen
Cinguloparietal Atrophy Distinguishes Alzheimer Disease From Semantic Dementia
Arch Neurol, July 1, 2003; 60(7): 949 - 956.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
M. Boustani, B. Peterson, L. Hanson, R. Harris, and K. N. Lohr
Screening for Dementia in Primary Care: A Summary of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Ann Intern Med, June 3, 2003; 138(11): 927 - 937.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
G. S. Zubenko, W. N. Zubenko, S. McPherson, E. Spoor, D. B. Marin, M. R. Farlow, G. E. Smith, Y. E. Geda, J. L. Cummings, R. C. Petersen, et al.
A Collaborative Study of the Emergence and Clinical Features of the Major Depressive Syndrome of Alzheimer's Disease
Am J Psychiatry, May 1, 2003; 160(5): 857 - 866.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JAMAHome page
T. Sunderland, G. Linker, N. Mirza, K. T. Putnam, D. L. Friedman, L. H. Kimmel, J. Bergeson, G. J. Manetti, M. Zimmermann, B. Tang, et al.
Decreased {beta}-Amyloid1-42 and Increased Tau Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Alzheimer Disease
JAMA, April 23, 2003; 289(16): 2094 - 2103.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
C. M. Clark and J. H.T. Karlawish
Alzheimer Disease: Current Concepts and Emerging Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies
Ann Intern Med, March 4, 2003; 138(5): 400 - 410.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
J. H.T. Karlawish and C. M. Clark
Diagnostic Evaluation of Elderly Patients with Mild Memory Problems
Ann Intern Med, March 4, 2003; 138(5): 411 - 419.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 RadiologyHome page
J. R. Petrella, R. E. Coleman, and P. M. Doraiswamy
Neuroimaging and Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease: A Look to the Future
Radiology, February 1, 2003; 226(2): 315 - 336.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]