|
|
||||||||
From the Departments of Nutrition (Drs. Willett and Ascherio, K.L. Munger and E. OReilly) and Epidemiology (Drs. Zhang, Hernán, Willett, and Ascherio), Harvard School of Public Health, and Division of Preventive Medicine (Dr. Zhang) and Channing Laboratory (Drs. Zhang, Willett, and Ascherio), Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA; and Multiple Sclerosis Center (Dr. Olek), Department of Neurology, University of California at Irvine.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Ms. K.L. Munger, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115; e-mail: kgorham{at}hsph.harvard.edu
Background: A protective effect of vitamin D on risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been proposed, but no prospective studies have addressed this hypothesis.
Methods: Dietary vitamin D intake was examined directly in relation to risk of MS in two large cohorts of women: the Nurses Health Study (NHS; 92,253 women followed from 1980 to 2000) and Nurses Health Study II (NHS II; 95,310 women followed from 1991 to 2001). Diet was assessed at baseline and updated every 4 years thereafter. During the follow-up, 173 cases of MS with onset of symptoms after baseline were confirmed.
Results: The pooled age-adjusted relative risk (RR) comparing women in the highest quintile of total vitamin D intake at baseline with those in the lowest was 0.67 (95% CI = 0.40 to 1.12; p for trend = 0.03). Intake of vitamin D from supplements was also inversely associated with risk of MS; the RR comparing women with intake of
400 IU/day with women with no supplemental vitamin D intake was 0.59 (95% CI = 0.38 to 0.91; p for trend = 0.006). No association was found between vitamin D from food and MS incidence.
Conclusion: These results support a protective effect of vitamin D intake on risk of developing MS.
Received July 22, 2003. Accepted in final form September 17, 2003.
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
G. Hiremath, D Cettomai, M Baynes, J. Ratchford, S Newsome, D Harrison, D Kerr, B. Greenberg, and P. Calabresi Vitamin D status and effect of low-dose cholecalciferol and high-dose ergocalciferol supplementation in multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, June 1, 2009; 15(6): 735 - 740. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H Gardener, K Munger, T Chitnis, D Spiegelman, and A Ascherio The relationship between handedness and risk of multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, May 1, 2009; 15(5): 587 - 592. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Correale, M. C. Ysrraelit, and M. I. Gaitan Immunomodulatory effects of Vitamin D in multiple sclerosis Brain, May 1, 2009; 132(5): 1146 - 1160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. Stewart Multiple sclerosis and vitamin D: don't (yet) blame it on the sunshine Brain, May 1, 2009; 132(5): 1126 - 1127. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
W. Janssens, A. Lehouck, C. Carremans, R. Bouillon, C. Mathieu, and M. Decramer Vitamin D Beyond Bones in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Time to Act Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., April 15, 2009; 179(8): 630 - 636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. R. Becklund, D. W. Hansen Jr., and H. F. DeLuca Enhancement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by calcitonin PNAS, March 31, 2009; 106(13): 5276 - 5281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. T. Alpert Vitamin D Insufficiency: A New Face to an Old Disorder Home Health Care Management Practice, February 1, 2009; 21(2): 132 - 134. [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Kragt, B. van Amerongen, J Killestein, C. Dijkstra, B. Uitdehaag, C. Polman, and P Lips Higher levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are associated with a lower incidence of multiple sclerosis only in women Multiple Sclerosis, January 1, 2009; 15(1): 9 - 15. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. N. Taylor, C. L. Wagner, and B. W. Hollis Vitamin D Supplementation during Lactation to Support Infant and Mother J. Am. Coll. Nutr., December 1, 2008; 27(6): 690 - 701. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. L. Wagner, F. R. Greer, and and the Section on Breastfeeding and Committee on Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents Pediatrics, November 1, 2008; 122(5): 1142 - 1152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Bouillon, G. Carmeliet, L. Verlinden, E. van Etten, A. Verstuyf, H. F. Luderer, L. Lieben, C. Mathieu, and M. Demay Vitamin D and Human Health: Lessons from Vitamin D Receptor Null Mice Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2008; 29(6): 726 - 776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F Di Pauli, M Reindl, R Ehling, F Schautzer, C Gneiss, A Lutterotti, E. O'Reilly, K. Munger, F Deisenhammer, A Ascherio, et al. Smoking is a risk factor for early conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, September 1, 2008; 14(8): 1026 - 1030. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Dwyer, I. van der Mei, A-L Ponsonby, B. V. Taylor, J. Stankovich, J. D. McKay, R. J. Thomson, A. M. Polanowski, and J. L. Dickinson Melanocortin 1 receptor genotype, past environmental sun exposure, and risk of multiple sclerosis Neurology, August 19, 2008; 71(8): 583 - 589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S.-M. Orton, A. P Morris, B. M Herrera, S. V Ramagopalan, M. R Lincoln, M. J Chao, R. Vieth, A D. Sadovnick, and G. C Ebers Evidence for genetic regulation of vitamin D status in twins with multiple sclerosis Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2008; 88(2): 441 - 447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L Ilchyshyn, J. Hawk, and T. Millard Editorial: Photoprotection: does it work? Lupus, August 1, 2008; 17(8): 705 - 707. [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Alonso and M. A. Hernan Temporal trends in the incidence of multiple sclerosis: A systematic review Neurology, July 8, 2008; 71(2): 129 - 135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Hedges and A. Scriven Sun safety: what are the health messages? Perspectives in Public Health, July 1, 2008; 128(4): 164 - 169. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. F Holick and T. C Chen Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2008; 87(4): 1080S - 1086S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K H Costenbader, D Feskanich, M Holmes, E W Karlson, and E Benito-Garcia Vitamin D intake and risks of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis in women Ann Rheum Dis, April 1, 2008; 67(4): 530 - 535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M Soilu-Hanninen, M Laaksonen, I Laitinen, J-P Eralinna, E-M Lilius, and I Mononen A longitudinal study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone levels indicate the importance of vitamin D and calcium homeostasis regulation in multiple sclerosis J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, February 1, 2008; 79(2): 152 - 157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Cutolo and K. Otsa Review: Vitamin D, immunity and lupus Lupus, January 1, 2008; 17(1): 6 - 10. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J B. Richards, A. M Valdes, J. P Gardner, D. Paximadas, M. Kimura, A. Nessa, X. Lu, G. L Surdulescu, R. Swaminathan, T. D Spector, et al. Higher serum vitamin D concentrations are associated with longer leukocyte telomere length in women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2007; 86(5): 1420 - 1425. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. T. Alpert and U. Shaikh The Effects of Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency on the Endocrine and Paracrine Systems Biol Res Nurs, October 1, 2007; 9(2): 117 - 129. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Arnson, H. Amital, and Y. Shoenfeld Vitamin D and autoimmunity: new aetiological and therapeutic considerations Ann Rheum Dis, September 1, 2007; 66(9): 1137 - 1142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Broadley Could vitamin D be the answer to multiple sclerosis? Multiple Sclerosis, August 1, 2007; 13(7): 825 - 826. [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Lucas, A-L. Ponsonby, A. McMichael, I. van der Mei, C. Chapman, A. Coulthard, K. Dear, T. Dwyer, T. Kilpatrick, M. Pender, et al. Observational analytic studies in multiple sclerosis: controlling bias through study design and conduct. The Australian Multicentre Study of Environment and Immune Function Multiple Sclerosis, August 1, 2007; 13(7): 827 - 839. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. F. Holick Vitamin D Deficiency N. Engl. J. Med., July 19, 2007; 357(3): 266 - 281. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Grigorian, S.-U. Lee, W. Tian, I.-J. Chen, G. Gao, R. Mendelsohn, J. W. Dennis, and M. Demetriou Control of T Cell-mediated Autoimmunity by Metabolite Flux to N-Glycan Biosynthesis J. Biol. Chem., July 6, 2007; 282(27): 20027 - 20035. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. E. Mullin and A. Dobs Vitamin D and Its Role in Cancer and Immunity: A Prescription for Sunlight Nutr Clin Pract, June 1, 2007; 22(3): 305 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M.S. Barnes, M.P. Bonham, P.J. Robson, J.J. Strain, A.S. Lowe-Strong, J. Eaton-Evans, F. Ginty, and J.M.W. Wallace Assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations in male and female multiple sclerosis patients and control volunteers Multiple Sclerosis, June 1, 2007; 13(5): 670 - 672. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. Schwalfenberg Not enough vitamin D: Health consequences for Canadians Can Fam Physician, May 1, 2007; 53(5): 841 - 854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. Devereux, A. A Litonjua, S. W Turner, L. C. Craig, G. McNeill, S. Martindale, P. J Helms, A. Seaton, and S. T Weiss Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and early childhood wheezing Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2007; 85(3): 853 - 859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Debouverie, C. Lebrun, S. Jeannin, S. Pittion-Vouyovitch, T. Roederer, and H. Vespignani More severe disability of North Africans vs Europeans with multiple sclerosis in France Neurology, January 2, 2007; 68(1): 29 - 32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. L. Munger, L. I. Levin, B. W. Hollis, N. S. Howard, and A. Ascherio Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis JAMA, December 20, 2006; 296(23): 2832 - 2838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C S Zipitis, G A Markides, and I L Swann Vitamin D deficiency: prevention or treatment? Arch. Dis. Child., December 1, 2006; 91(12): 1011 - 1014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. N. Ames Low micronutrient intake may accelerate the degenerative diseases of aging through allocation of scarce micronutrients by triage PNAS, November 21, 2006; 103(47): 17589 - 17594. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K H Costenbader and E W Karlson Cigarette smoking and autoimmune disease: what can we learn from epidemiology? Lupus, November 1, 2006; 15(11): 737 - 745. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. A Bischoff-Ferrari, E. Giovannucci, W. C Willett, T. Dietrich, and B. Dawson-Hughes Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2006; 84(1): 18 - 28. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. J Brown The Role of Vitamin D in Multiple Sclerosis Ann. Pharmacother., June 1, 2006; 40(6): 1158 - 1161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Alter, E. Kahana, N. Zilber, A. Miller, and for the Israeli MS Study Group Multiple sclerosis frequency in Israel's diverse populations Neurology, April 11, 2006; 66(7): 1061 - 1066. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. S. Harris Vitamin D and African Americans J. Nutr., April 1, 2006; 136(4): 1126 - 1129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D Shepshelovich and Y Shoenfeld Prediction and prevention of autoimmune diseases: additional aspects of the mosaic of autoimmunity Lupus, March 1, 2006; 15(3): 183 - 190. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. F. Holick High Prevalence of Vitamin D Inadequacy and Implications for Health Mayo Clin. Proc., March 1, 2006; 81(3): 353 - 373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C.H. Hawkes Are multiple sclerosis patients risk-takers? QJM, December 1, 2005; 98(12): 895 - 911. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. K. Robinson Sun Exposure, Sun Protection, and Vitamin D JAMA, September 28, 2005; 294(12): 1541 - 1543. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. M. Spach and C. E. Hayes Vitamin D3 Confers Protection from Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Only in Female Mice J. Immunol., September 15, 2005; 175(6): 4119 - 4126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Dietrich, M. Nunn, B. Dawson-Hughes, and H. A Bischoff-Ferrari Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and gingival inflammation Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2005; 82(3): 575 - 580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D M Wingerchuk, J Lesaux, G P A Rice, M Kremenchutzky, and G C Ebers A pilot study of oral calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, September 1, 2005; 76(9): 1294 - 1296. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M Soilu-Hanninen, L Airas, I Mononen, A Heikkila, M Viljanen, and A Hanninen 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels in serum at the onset of multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, June 1, 2005; 11(3): 266 - 271. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. Chen, M. T. Cencioni, D. F. Angelini, G. Borsellino, L. Battistini, and C. F. Brosnan Transcriptional Profiling of {gamma}{delta} T Cells Identifies a Role for Vitamin D in the Immunoregulation of the V{gamma}9V{delta}2 Response to Phosphate-Containing Ligands J. Immunol., May 15, 2005; 174(10): 6144 - 6152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Chaudhuri and P.O. Behan Treatment of multiple sclerosis: beyond the NICE guidelines QJM, May 1, 2005; 98(5): 373 - 378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Schwarz and H. Leweling Multiple sclerosis and nutrition Multiple Sclerosis, February 1, 2005; 11(1): 24 - 32. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. S. Calvo, S. J. Whiting, and C. N. Barton Vitamin D Intake: A Global Perspective of Current Status J. Nutr., February 1, 2005; 135(2): 310 - 316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. S. Harris Vitamin D in Type 1 Diabetes Prevention J. Nutr., February 1, 2005; 135(2): 323 - 325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A.-L. Ponsonby, I. van der Mei, T. Dwyer, L. Blizzard, B. Taylor, A. Kemp, R. Simmons, and T. Kilpatrick Exposure to Infant Siblings During Early Life and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis JAMA, January 26, 2005; 293(4): 463 - 469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. A.C. Cree, O. Khan, D. Bourdette, D. S. Goodin, J. A. Cohen, R. A. Marrie, D. Glidden, B. Weinstock-Guttman, D. Reich, N. Patterson, et al. Clinical characteristics of African Americans vs Caucasian Americans with multiple sclerosis Neurology, December 14, 2004; 63(11): 2039 - 2045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. S Calvo, S. J Whiting, and C. N Barton Vitamin D fortification in the United States and Canada: current status and data needs Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2004; 80(6): 1710S - 1716S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. T. Cantorna and B. D. Mahon Mounting Evidence for Vitamin D as an Environmental Factor Affecting Autoimmune Disease Prevalence Experimental Biology and Medicine, December 1, 2004; 229(11): 1136 - 1142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. S. Neuberger, S. G. Lynch, M. L. Sutton, S. B. Hall, C. Feng, and W. R. Schmidt Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in a residential area bordering an oil refinery Neurology, November 23, 2004; 63(10): 1796 - 1802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. A. G. Armas, B. W. Hollis, and R. P. Heaney Vitamin D2 Is Much Less Effective than Vitamin D3 in Humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2004; 89(11): 5387 - 5391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. C. Ebers, A. D. Sadovnick, R. Veith, K. L. Munger, E. O'Reilly, and A. Ascherio Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis Neurology, September 14, 2004; 63(5): 939 - 939. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
Read all Correspondence
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |