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NEUROLOGY 2005;64:1750-1755
© 2005 American Academy of Neurology

Cognitive function predicts first-time stroke and heart disease

Jacob S. Elkins, MD, David S. Knopman, MD, Kristine Yaffe, MD and S. Claiborne Johnston, MD, PhD

From the University of California (Drs. Elkins, Yaffe, and Johnston), San Francisco, and Mayo Clinic and Foundation (Dr. Knopman), Rochester, MN.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr Elkins, UCSF Department of Neurology, 505 Parnassus Ave., Box 0114, San Francisco, CA 94143; e-mail: jacob.elkins{at}ucsfmedctr.org

Objective: To investigate whether impaired cognitive function is an early manifestation of vascular injury in the brain and therefore predicts risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease.

Methods: The study population consisted of 12,096 middle-aged participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study who had no history of stroke or coronary heart disease (CHD) at the time of cognitive testing. Cognitive function was measured using the Digit-Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), the Word Fluency Test, and the Delayed Word Recall Test. Cognitive test scores were adjusted for demographic factors and then evaluated as predictors of incident cardiovascular events using Cox proportional hazards analysis.

Results: Over a median follow-up period of 6.4 years, there were 516 incident cardiovascular events (292 myocardial infarctions, 50 CHD deaths, and 174 strokes), resulting in an average annual incidence rate of 0.7%. Lower adjusted scores on each cognitive test predicted a greater risk of incident cardiovascular events after controlling for established vascular risk factors (highest vs lowest quartile DSST, adjusted hazard ratio 1.56, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.97, p for linear trend by quartile < 0.001). The magnitude of the association was comparable with other commonly used predictors of vascular risk such as left ventricular hypertrophy on EKG and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of <35 mg/dL.

Conclusion: Cognitive test scores below demographic norms predict incident cardiovascular disease in middle-aged subjects independently of established vascular risk factors.

The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study is conducted and supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in collaboration with the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study investigators. This manuscript has been reviewed by NHLBI for scientific content and consistency of data interpretation with previous Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study publications, and comments have been incorporated prior to submission for publication.

Received September 28, 2004. Accepted in final form February 8, 2005.




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