| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
From the Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (Drs. Luchsinger, Reitz, Honig, Tang, and Mayeux), Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (Drs. Luchsinger, Honig, Tang, and Mayeux), Department of Biostatistics (Drs. Tang, and Mayeux), Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology (Drs. Shea, and Mayeux), Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, and Division of General Medicine (Drs. Luchsinger, Shea, Mayeux), Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology (Drs. Honig and Mayeux), and Department of Psychiatry (Drs. Mayeux), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr Luchsinger, PH9E-105, 630 W. 168 St., New York, NY 10032; e-mail: jal94{at}columbia.edu
Background: The prevalence of Alzheimer disease (AD) is increasing in the elderly, and vascular risk factors may increase its risk.
Objective: To explore the association of the aggregation of vascular risk factors with AD.
Methods: The authors followed 1,138 individuals without dementia at baseline (mean age 76.2) for a mean of 5.5 years. The presence of vascular risk factors was related to incident possible and probable AD.
Results: Four risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and current smoking) were associated with a higher risk of AD (p < 0.10) when analyzed individually. The risk of AD increased with the number of risk factors (diabetes + hypertension + heart disease + current smoking). The adjusted hazards ratio of probable AD for the presence of three or more risk factors was 3.4 (95% CI: 1.8, 6.3; p for trend < 0.0001) compared with no risk factors. Diabetes and current smoking were the strongest risk factors in isolation or in clusters, but hypertension and heart disease were also related to a higher risk of AD when clustered with diabetes, smoking, or each other.
Conclusions: The risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) increased with the number of vascular risk factors. Diabetes and current smoking were the strongest risk factors, but clusters including hypertension and heart disease also increased the risk of AD. These associations are unlikely to be explained by misclassification of the outcome, given strong associations when only probable AD is considered.
Supported by grants from the National Institute of Aging (AG07232, AG07702, 1K08AG20856-01), from the Charles S. Robertson Memorial Gift for Research on Alzheimer's Disease, from the Blanchette Hooker Rockefeller Foundation, and from the New York City Council Speaker's Fund for Public Health Research.
Disclosure: The authors report no conflicts of interest.
Received December 8, 2004. Accepted in final form May 5, 2005.
Related articles in Neurology:
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. Wiederkehr, M. Simard, C. Fortin, and R. van Reekum Comparability of the Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Vascular Dementia: A Critical Review. Part I J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, May 1, 2008; 20(2): 150 - 161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Akerblom, R. Costa, J. A. Luchsinger, J. J. Manly, M.-X. Tang, J. H Lee, R. Mayeux, and N. Schupf Relation of plasma lipids to all-cause mortality in Caucasian, African-American and Hispanic elders Age Ageing, March 1, 2008; 37(2): 207 - 213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. E. Smith, S. Egorova, D. Blacker, R. J. Killiany, A. Muzikansky, B. C. Dickerson, R. E. Tanzi, M. S. Albert, S. M. Greenberg, and C. R. G. Guttmann Magnetic Resonance Imaging White Matter Hyperintensities and Brain Volume in the Prediction of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Arch Neurol, January 1, 2008; 65(1): 94 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Planel, Y. Tatebayashi, T. Miyasaka, L. Liu, L. Wang, M. Herman, W. H. Yu, J. A. Luchsinger, B. Wadzinski, K. E. Duff, et al. Insulin Dysfunction Induces In Vivo Tau Hyperphosphorylation through Distinct Mechanisms J. Neurosci., December 12, 2007; 27(50): 13635 - 13648. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Wu, B. L. Plassman, J. Liang, and L. Wei Cognitive Function and Dental Care Utilization Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults Am J Public Health, December 1, 2007; 97(12): 2216 - 2221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Reitz, M.-X. Tang, J. Manly, R. Mayeux, and J. A. Luchsinger Hypertension and the Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment Arch Neurol, December 1, 2007; 64(12): 1734 - 1740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Barberger-Gateau, C. Raffaitin, L. Letenneur, C. Berr, C. Tzourio, J. F. Dartigues, and A. Alperovitch Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: The Three-City cohort study Neurology, November 13, 2007; 69(20): 1921 - 1930. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. van den Berg, G. J. Biessels, A. J.M de Craen, J. Gussekloo, and R.G.J. Westendorp The metabolic syndrome is associated with decelerated cognitive decline in the oldest old Neurology, September 4, 2007; 69(10): 979 - 985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. J. Anstey, C. von Sanden, A. Salim, and R. O'Kearney Smoking as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Cognitive Decline: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies Am. J. Epidemiol., August 15, 2007; 166(4): 367 - 378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. V. Glinskii, T. W. Abraha, J. R. Turk, L. J. Rubin, V. H. Huxley, and V. V. Glinsky Microvascular network remodeling in dura mater of ovariectomized pigs: role for angiopoietin-1 in estrogen-dependent control of vascular stability Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2007; 293(2): H1131 - H1137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Holsinger, J. Deveau, M. Boustani, and J. W. Williams Jr Does This Patient Have Dementia? JAMA, June 6, 2007; 297(21): 2391 - 2404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. S. Chan, J. M. Lyness, and Y. Conwell Do Cerebrovascular Risk Factors Confer Risk for Suicide in Later Life? A Case-Control Study Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, June 1, 2007; 15(6): 541 - 544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Luchsinger, C. Reitz, B. Patel, M.-X. Tang, J. J. Manly, and R. Mayeux Relation of Diabetes to Mild Cognitive Impairment Arch Neurol, April 1, 2007; 64(4): 570 - 575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Luchsinger, B. Patel, M.-X. Tang, N. Schupf, and R. Mayeux Measures of Adiposity and Dementia Risk in Elderly Persons Arch Neurol, March 1, 2007; 64(3): 392 - 398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Xu, C. Qiu, B. Winblad, and L. Fratiglioni The Effect of Borderline Diabetes on the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease Diabetes, January 1, 2007; 56(1): 211 - 216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Akomolafe, A. Beiser, J. B. Meigs, R. Au, R. C. Green, L. A. Farrer, P. A. Wolf, and S. Seshadri Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Developing Alzheimer Disease: Results From the Framingham Study Arch Neurol, November 1, 2006; 63(11): 1551 - 1555. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Drachman Aging of the brain, entropy, and Alzheimer disease Neurology, October 24, 2006; 67(8): 1340 - 1352. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Vanhanen, K. Koivisto, L. Moilanen, E. L. Helkala, T. Hanninen, H. Soininen, K. Kervinen, Y. A. Kesaniemi, M. Laakso, and J. Kuusisto Association of metabolic syndrome with Alzheimer disease: a population-based study. Neurology, September 12, 2006; 67(5): 843 - 847. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Sato, N. Shimogaito, X. Wu, S. Kikuchi, S.-i. Yamagishi, and M. Takeuchi Toxic Advanced Glycation End Products (TAGE) Theory in Alzheimer's Disease American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, May 1, 2006; 21(3): 197 - 208. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Manschot, A. M.A. Brands, J. van der Grond, R. P.C. Kessels, A. Algra, L. J. Kappelle, G. J. Biessels, and on behalf of the Utrecht Diabetic Encephalopathy S Brain magnetic resonance imaging correlates of impaired cognition in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, April 1, 2006; 55(4): 1106 - 1113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X.-K. Tong, N. Nicolakakis, A. Kocharyan, and E. Hamel Vascular Remodeling versus Amyloid {beta}-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Cerebrovascular Dysfunctions Associated with Alzheimer's Disease J. Neurosci., November 30, 2005; 25(48): 11165 - 11174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
