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Differential diagnosis and evaluation in pediatric multiple sclerosis

From the Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (J.S.H.), Stanford University, and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (D.P.), Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany; Cleveland Clinic Foundation (M.R.), OH; and Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children (S.R.), Wilmington, DE.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Jin Hahn, Dept. of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, A345, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305; e-mail: jhahn{at}stanford.edu

The differential diagnosis for multiple sclerosis (MS) in childhood and adolescence includes infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic disorders as well as metabolic neurogenetic leukodystrophies, toxic leukodystrophies, and vascular conditions. The evaluation is determined by the clinical and neuroradiologic presentation. A minimal diagnostic battery is proposed. More expanded evaluations are indicated for specific or atypical clinical presentations.

*Members of the International Pediatric MS Study Group are listed in the Appendix.

Disclosure: The authors report no conflicts of interest.

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