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Eye movement abnormalities in spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17)

From the Department of Neurology (J.H., A.S., C.K., J.H., H.R., D.K., H.K., C.H.) and Institute of Human Genetics (C.K., C.Z.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research (H.R.), National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurology (A.R.), University of Rostock, Germany.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Prof. Dr. C. Helmchen, Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Luebeck, Germany christoph.helmchen{at}neuro.uni-luebeck.de

Background: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17) is associated with an expansion of CAG/CAA trinucleotide repeats in the gene encoding the TATA-binding protein. In this quantitative characterization of eye movements in SCA17 mutation carriers, we investigated whether eye movement abnormalities originate from multiple lesion sites as suggested by their phenotypic heterogeneity.

Methods: Eye movements (saccades, smooth pursuit) of 15 SCA17 mutation carriers (mean age 36.9 years, range 20 to 54 years; mean disease duration 7.3 years, range 0 to 20 years; 2 clinically unaffected, 13 affected) were compared with 15 age-matched control subjects using the video-based two-dimensional EYELINK II system.

Results: Smooth pursuit initiation (step-ramp paradigm) and maintenance were strongly impaired, i.e., pursuit latency was increased and acceleration decreased, whereas latency and position error of the first catch-up saccade were normal. Visually guided saccades were hypometric but had normal velocities. Gaze-evoked nystagmus was found in one-third of the mutation carriers, including downbeat and rebound nystagmus. There was a pathologic increase in error rates of antisaccades (52%) and memory-guided saccades (42%). Oculomotor disorders were not correlated with repeat length. Smooth pursuit impairment and saccadic disorders increased with disease duration.

Conclusions: Several oculomotor deficits of spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17) mutation carriers are compatible with cerebellar degeneration. This is consistent with histopathologic and imaging (morphometric) data. In contrast, increased error rates in antisaccades and memory-guided saccades point to a deficient frontal inhibition of reflexive movements, which is probably best explained by cortical dysfunction and may be related to other phenotypic SCA17 signs, e.g., dementia and parkinsonism.

Abbreviations: DLPC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; FEF = frontal eye field; HD = Huntington disease; ICARS = International Ataxia Rating Scale; PD = Parkinson disease; SCA = spinocerebellar ataxias; SCA17 = spinocerebellar ataxia type 17; TBP = TATA-binding protein.

Disclosure: The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Received January 19, 2007. Accepted in final form April 12, 2007.