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Amnestic syndrome of the medial temporal type identifies prodromal AD

A longitudinal study

From INSERM U610 and Centre des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales (M.S., M.V., B.D.), Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris; INSERM, U888 Montpellier (C.B.), Université Montpellier 1; Service de Gerontologie Clinique (J.D.R.), Hôpital Broca, Paris; INSERM 593 (C.F.), Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2; Department of Neurology (F.P.), University Hospital of Lille; Service de Gériatrie (S.L.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; Fédération de Neuro-Géronto-Psychiatrie (B.M.), Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille; Service de Neurologie (M.P.), CHU Purpan, Hôpital Rangueil Toulouse; Service de Neurologie (J.T.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; and Service Gériatrie (M.V.), Hôpital Salpêtrière, Paris, France.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Marie Sarazin, INSERM U 610 and Fédération de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 Bd de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris marie.sarazin{at}psl.aphp.fr

Objective: To compare the power of tests assessing different cognitive domains for the identification of prodromal Alzheimer disease (AD) among patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Background: Given the early involvement of the medial temporal lobe, a precocious and specific pattern of memory disorders might be expected for the identification of prodromal AD.

Methods: A total of 251 patients with MCI were tested at baseline by a standardized neuropsychological battery, which included the Free and Cued Selective Recall Reminding Test (FCSRT) for verbal episodic memory; the Benton Visual Retention Test for visual memory; the Deno 100 and verbal fluency for language; a serial digit learning test and the double task of Baddeley for working memory; Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) similarities for conceptual elaboration; and the Stroop test, the Trail Making test, and the WAIS digit symbol test for executive functions. The patients were followed at 6-month intervals for up to 3 years in order to identify those who converted to AD vs those who remained stable over time. Statistical analyses were based on receiver operating characteristic curve and Cox proportional hazards models.

Results: A total of 59 subjects converted to AD dementia. The most sensitive and specific test for diagnosis of prodromal AD was the FCSRT. Significant cutoff for the diagnosis was 17/48 for free recall, 40/48 for total recall, and below 71% for index of sensitivity of cueing (% of efficacy of semantic cues for retrieval).

Conclusions: The amnestic syndrome of the medial temporal type, defined by the Free and Cued Selective Recall Reminding Test, is able to distinguish patients at an early stage of Alzheimer disease from mild cognitive impairment non-converters.

GLOSSARY: AD = Alzheimer disease; AUC = area under the curve; CDR = Clinical Dementia Rating; DSM-III-R = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed., revised; FCSRT = Free and Cued Selective Recall Reminding Test; IADL = Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; ROC = receiver operating characteristic; WAIS = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

Supplemental data at www.neurology.org

*These authors contributed equally.

Supported by INSERM U.610, Ministère de la Santé (PHRC, Principal Investigator: Bruno Dubois).

Disclosure: The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Received November 27, 2006. Accepted in final form May 25, 2007.

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