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Abstract

Objective: To develop a reliable and valid clinical scale measuring the severity of ataxia.
Methods: The authors devised the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) and tested it in two trials of 167 and 119 patients with spinocerebellar ataxia.
Results: The mean time to administer SARA in patients was 14.2 ± 7.5 minutes (range 5 to 40). Interrater reliability was high, with an intraclass coefficient (ICC) of 0.98. Test-retest reliability was high with an ICC of 0.90. Internal consistency was high as indicated by Cronbach's α of 0.94. Factorial analysis revealed that the rating results were determined by a single factor. SARA ratings showed a linear relation to global assessments using a visual analogue scale, suggesting linearity of the scale (p < 0.0001, r2 = 0.98). SARA score increased with the disease stage (p < 0.001) and was closely correlated with the Barthel Index (r = −0.80, p < 0.001) and part IV (functional assessment) of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS-IV) (r = −0.89, p < 0.0001), whereas it had only a weak correlation with disease duration (r = 0.34, p < 0.0002)
Conclusions: The Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia is a reliable and valid measure of ataxia, making it an appropriate primary outcome measure for clinical trials.

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Published In

Neurology®
Volume 66Number 11June 13, 2006
Pages: 1717-1720
PubMed: 16769946

Publication History

Published online: June 12, 2006
Published in print: June 13, 2006

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Affiliations & Disclosures

T. Schmitz-Hübsch, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
S. Tezenas du Montcel, MD, PhD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
L. Baliko, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
J. Berciano, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
S. Boesch, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
C. Depondt, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
P. Giunti, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
C. Globas, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
J. Infante, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
J. -S. Kang, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
B. Kremer, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
C. Mariotti, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
B. Melegh, MD, PhD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
M. Pandolfo, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
M. Rakowicz, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
P. Ribai, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
R. Rola, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
L. Schöls, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
S. Szymanski, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
B. P. van de Warrenburg, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
A. Dürr, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
T. Klockgether, MD
From the Department of Neurology (T.S.-H., T.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.T.M.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux, Paris, France; Modeling in Clinical Research (S.T.M.), EA 3974, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Stroke (L.B.), County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Neurology (J.B., J.I.), University Hospital Marqués de Valldecilla, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.D., M.P.), Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (R.F., C.M.), Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (P.G.), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (C.G., L.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.-S.K.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.K., B.P.W.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development (M.B.), University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (M.R., R.R.), Warsaw, Poland; INSERM U679 and Department of Genetics (P.R., A.D.), Cytogenetics and Embryology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (S.S.), St. Josef Hospital, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.

Notes

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Thomas Klockgether, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany; e-mail: [email protected]

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