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December 6, 2006

Recombinant human acid α-glucosidase
Major clinical benefits in infantile-onset Pompe disease

This article has been corrected.
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P. S. Kishnani, MD, D. Corzo, MD, M. Nicolino, MD, PhD, B. Byrne, MD, PhD, H. Mandel, MD, W. L. Hwu, MD, PhD, N. Leslie, MD, … Show All … , J. Levine, MD, C. Spencer, MD, M. McDonald, MD, J. Li, MD, J. Dumontier, MD, M. Halberthal, MD, Y. H. Chien, MD, R. Hopkin, MD, S. Vijayaraghavan, MD, D. Gruskin, MD, PhD, D. Bartholomew, MD, A. van der Ploeg, MD, PhD, J. P. Clancy, MD, R. Parini, MD, G. Morin, MD, M. Beck, MD, PhD, G. S. De la Gastine, MD, M. Jokic, MD, B. Thurberg, MD, PhD, S. Richards, PhD, D. Bali, PhD, M. Davison, MD, M. A. Worden, BS, Y. T. Chen, MD, PhD, and J. E. Wraith, MDAuthors Info & Affiliations
January 9, 2007 issue
68 (2) 99-109
https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000251268.41188.04
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Abstract

Background: Pompe disease is a progressive metabolic neuromuscular disorder resulting from deficiency of lysosomal acid α-glucosidase (GAA). Infantile-onset Pompe disease is characterized by cardiomyopathy, respiratory and skeletal muscle weakness, and early death. The safety and efficacy of recombinant human (rh) GAA were evaluated in 18 patients with rapidly progressing infantile-onset Pompe disease.
Methods: Patients were diagnosed at 6 months of age and younger and exhibited severe GAA deficiency and cardiomyopathy. Patients received IV infusions of rhGAA at 20 mg/kg (n = 9) or 40 mg/kg (n = 9) every other week. Analyses were performed 52 weeks after the last patient was randomized to treatment.
Results: All patients (100%) survived to 18 months of age. A Cox proportional hazards analysis demonstrated that treatment reduced the risk of death by 99%, reduced the risk of death or invasive ventilation by 92%, and reduced the risk of death or any type of ventilation by 88%, as compared to an untreated historical control group. There was no clear advantage of the 40-mg/kg dose with regard to efficacy. Eleven of the 18 patients experienced 164 infusion-associated reactions; all were mild or moderate in intensity.
Conclusions: Recombinant human acid α-glucosidase is safe and effective for treatment of infantile-onset Pompe disease. Eleven patients experienced adverse events related to treatment, but none discontinued. The young age at which these patients initiated therapy may have contributed to their improved response compared to previous trials with recombinant human acid α-glucosidase in which patients were older.

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Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Neurology®
Volume 68 • Number 2 • January 9, 2007
Pages: 99-109
PubMed: 17151339

Copyright

© 2007.

Publication History

Published online: December 6, 2006
Published in print: January 9, 2007

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Authors

Affiliations & Disclosures

P. S. Kishnani, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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D. Corzo, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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M. Nicolino, MD, PhD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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B. Byrne, MD, PhD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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H. Mandel, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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W. L. Hwu, MD, PhD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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N. Leslie, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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J. Levine, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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C. Spencer, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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M. McDonald, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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J. Li, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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J. Dumontier, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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M. Halberthal, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Y. H. Chien, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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R. Hopkin, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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S. Vijayaraghavan, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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D. Gruskin, MD, PhD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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D. Bartholomew, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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A. van der Ploeg, MD, PhD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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J. P. Clancy, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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R. Parini, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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G. Morin, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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M. Beck, MD, PhD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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G. S. De la Gastine, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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M. Jokic, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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B. Thurberg, MD, PhD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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S. Richards, PhD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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D. Bali, PhD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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M. Davison, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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M. A. Worden, BS
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Y. T. Chen, MD, PhD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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J. E. Wraith, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics (P.S.K., M.M., J.L., D.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Genzyme Corporation (D.C., B.T., S.R., M.A.W.), Cambridge, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N., J.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France; Division of Pediatrics (B.B., C.S.), Shands Hospital at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Metabolic Unit (H.M., M.H.), Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (W.L.H., Y.H.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (N.L., R.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cardiology (J.L.), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (S.V., J.E.W.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Genetics (D.G.), Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (D.B.), Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics (A.V.D.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center/Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (J.P.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Centro Fondazione Mariani per le malattie metaboliche dell'Infanzia (R.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Département de Pédiatrie (G.M.), CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; Metabolic Unit (M.B.), Universitäts-Kinderklinik Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (G.S.D.l.G., M.J.), University Hospital Center Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Genzyme Corporation (M.D.), Naarden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y.T.C.), Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Notes

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Priya Sunil Kishnani, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Box 3528, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; e-mail: [email protected]

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