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January 7, 2009

PML-IRIS in patients with HIV infection
Clinical manifestations and treatment with steroids

April 28, 2009 issue
72 (17) 1458-1464

Abstract

Background: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an opportunistic infection that develops in immunosuppressed patients with HIV infection. Paradoxically, some of these patients may develop PML during combined antiretroviral therapy in the setting of immune reconstitution. We describe the types of PML in relation to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) and the effects of steroid use in these patients.
Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the literature (1998 to 2007) and of all HIV-infected patients diagnosed with PML-IRIS at Johns Hopkins Hospital (2004 to 2007). We recorded information on clinical features, microbiologic and virological analysis, neuroimaging, pathology, treatment, and outcome.
Results: Of 54 patients with PML-IRIS, 36 developed PML and IRIS simultaneously (PML-s-IRIS) and 18 had worsening of preexisting PML (PML-d-IRIS) after the initiation of combined antiretroviral therapy. PML-IRIS developed between 1 week and 26 months after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. PML-d-IRIS patients developed IRIS earlier, had higher lesion loads on MRI of the brain, had shorter durations of survival, and had higher mortality rate compared to PML-s-IRIS patients. Twelve patients received treatment with steroids, of which five died and seven showed good neurologic recovery. Patients who survived had received steroids early after IRIS diagnosis for longer durations and had contrast enhancement on IRIS neuroimaging.
Conclusions: Immune reconstitution following initiation of combined antiretroviral therapy may lead to activation of an inflammatory response to detectable or latent JC virus infection. Early and prolonged treatment with steroids may be useful in these patients but requires further investigation.

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Published In

Neurology®
Volume 72Number 17April 28, 2009
Pages: 1458-1464
PubMed: 19129505

Publication History

Published online: January 7, 2009
Published in print: April 28, 2009

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Authors

Affiliations & Disclosures

K. Tan, BM, BS, MRCP (UK)
From the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
R. Roda, MD, PhD
From the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
L. Ostrow, MD, PhD
From the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
J. McArthur, MBBS, MPH
From the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
A. Nath, MD
From the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

Notes

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Avindra Nath, Department of Neurology, 509 Pathology, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287 [email protected]

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