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November 16, 2016

Treatment of neurosarcoidosis
A comparative study of methotrexate and mycophenolate mofetil

Samuel Bitoun, MD, Diane Bouvry, MD, Raphaël Borie, MD, PhD, Mathieu Mahevas, MD, PhD, Karim Sacre, MD, PhD, Julien Haroche, MD, PhD, Dimitri Psimaras, MD, … Show All … , Corinne Pottier, MD, Alexis Mathian, MD, PhD, Miguel Hie, MD, Du Le Thi Huong Boutin, MD, Thomas Papo, MD, PhD, Bertrand Godeau, MD, PhD, Dominique Valeyre, MD, Hilario Nunes, MD, PhD, Zahir Amoura, MD, MSc, and Fleur Cohen Aubart, MD, PhDAuthors Info & Affiliations
December 13, 2016 issue
87 (24) 2517-2521
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003431
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Abstract

Objective:

To compare the efficacy of methotrexate (MTX) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in the prevention of relapses in neurosarcoidosis.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective multicenter study including patients who received MTX or MMF for the treatment of histologically proven neurosarcoidosis. The efficacy of the immunosuppressive drug was assessed by determining the time to relapse.

Results:

Forty patients with a diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis (24 men, 16 women, median age at diagnosis 43.5 years) who received at least 3 months of MTX (n = 32) or MMF (n = 14) were included. The immunosuppressive drug was always associated with steroids. The rate of relapse was 47% in the MTX group (0.2 relapses per year of exposure) and 79% in the MMF group (0.6 relapses per year of exposure) (p = 0.058). The median time to relapse was significantly shorter in the MMF group (11 months) compared with the MTX group (28 months) (p = 0.049). Adverse events occurred in 11 patients during MTX therapy and in 1 patient during MMF therapy (p = 0.12).

Conclusions:

Relapses of neurosarcoidosis occur frequently, despite the use of an immunosuppressive drug in addition to corticosteroids. MTX significantly increases the survival time without relapse compared to MMF and should be preferred over MMF for the treatment of neurosarcoidosis. This study provides Class IV evidence that for patients with neurosarcoidosis taking steroids, MTX is superior to MMF in reducing the risk of relapse.

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Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Neurology®
Volume 87 • Number 24 • December 13, 2016
Pages: 2517-2521
PubMed: 27856779

Copyright

© 2016 American Academy of Neurology.

Publication History

Received: May 14, 2016
Accepted: September 12, 2016
Published online: November 16, 2016
Published in print: December 13, 2016

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Disclosure

The authors report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures.

Study Funding

No targeted funding reported.

Authors

Affiliations & Disclosures

Samuel Bitoun, MD
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Diane Bouvry, MD*
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Raphaël Borie, MD, PhD*
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Mathieu Mahevas, MD, PhD*
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Karim Sacre, MD, PhD*
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Julien Haroche, MD, PhD
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Dimitri Psimaras, MD
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Corinne Pottier, MD
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Alexis Mathian, MD, PhD
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Miguel Hie, MD
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Du Le Thi Huong Boutin, MD
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
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Thomas Papo, MD, PhD
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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Bertrand Godeau, MD, PhD
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
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NONE
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NONE
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Speaker honoraria from AMGEN and Novartis/GSK
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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1) consultancies for AMGEN, 2) consultancies for ARGENX 3) Consultancies for Novartis/GSK
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Dominique Valeyre, MD
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
Disclosure
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NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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NONE
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1.
NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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Hilario Nunes, MD, PhD
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
Disclosure
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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Zahir Amoura, MD, MSc
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
Disclosure
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NONE
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1.
NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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Fleur Cohen Aubart, MD, PhD
From AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Lupus, Syndrome des Anticorps Antiphospholipides (S.B., J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., F.C.A.), and AP-HP, Service de Neurologie 1 (D.P.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie (D.B., D.V., H.N.), Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny; AP-HP, Services de Pneumologie (R.B.) and Médecine Interne (K.S., T.P.), Hôpital Bichat, Paris; AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne (M.M., B.G.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Université Paris VI, UPMC (J.H., A.M., M.H., D.L.T.H.B., Z.A., C.A.), Sorbonnes Universités, Paris; and Service de Neurologie (C.P.), Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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Notes

Correspondence to Dr. Cohen Aubart: [email protected]
*
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.

Author Contributions

All the authors (S. Bitoun, D. Bouvry, R. Borie, M. Mahevas, K. Sacré, J. Haroche, D. Psimaras, C. Pottier, A. Mathian, M. Hié, D. Le Thi Huong Boutin, T. Papo, D. Valeyre, H. Nunes, Z. Amoura, and F. Cohen Aubart) contributed to drafting/revising the manuscript for content and study design, as well as analysis and interpretation of the data. S. Bitoun, D. Bouvry, R. Borie, M. Mahevas, K. Sacré, and F. Cohen Aubart contributed to the acquisition of data. S. Bitoun and F. Cohen Aubart conducted the statistical analysis. Z. Amoura and F. Cohen Aubart coordinated the study. All the authors approved the final submitted version.

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