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August 11, 2017

Rituximab as treatment for anti-MuSK myasthenia gravis
Multicenter blinded prospective review

Michael K. Hehir, MD, Lisa D. Hobson-Webb, MD, Michael Benatar, MD, PhD, Carolina Barnett, MD, PhD, Nicholas J. Silvestri, MD, James F. Howard Jr, MD, Diantha Howard, MAMS, Amy Visser, MD, Brian A. Crum, MD, Richard Nowak, MD, MS, Rachel Beekman, MD, Aditya Kumar, MD, Katherine Ruzhansky, MD, MS, I-Hweii Amy Chen, MD, PhD, Michael T. Pulley, MD, PhD, Shannon M. LaBoy, MD, MS, Melissa A. Fellman, MD, Shane M. Greene, MD, Mamatha Pasnoor, MD, and Ted M. Burns, MDAuthors Info & Affiliations
September 5, 2017 issue
89 (10) 1069-1077
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000004341
Letters to the Editor
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Abstract

Objective:

To evaluate the efficacy of rituximab in treatment of anti-muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) myasthenia gravis (MG).

Methods:

This was a multicenter, blinded, prospective review, comparing anti-MuSK-positive patients with MG treated with rituximab to those not treated with rituximab. The primary clinical endpoint was the Myasthenia Gravis Status and Treatment Intensity (MGSTI), a novel outcome that combines the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) postintervention status (PIS) and the number and dosages of other immunosuppressant therapies used. A priori, an MGSTI of level ≤2 was used to define a favorable outcome. Secondary outcomes included modified MGFA PIS of minimal manifestations or better, mean/median prednisone dose, and mean/median doses of other immunosuppressant drugs.

Results:

Seventy-seven of 119 patients with anti-MuSK MG evaluated between January 1, 2005, and January 1, 2015, at 10 neuromuscular centers were selected for analysis after review of limited clinical data by a blinded expert panel. An additional 22 patients were excluded due to insufficient follow-up. Baseline characteristics were similar between the rituximab-treated patients (n = 24) and the controls (n = 31). Median follow-up duration was >3.5 years. At last visit, 58% (14/24) of rituximab-treated patients reached the primary outcome compared to 16% (5/31) of controls (p = 0.002). Number needed to treat for the primary outcome is 2.4. At last visit, 29% of rituximab-treated patients were taking prednisone (mean dose 4.5 mg/day) compared to 74% of controls (mean dose 13 mg/day) (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005).

Classification of evidence:

This study provides Class IV evidence that for patients with anti-MuSK MG, rituximab increased the probability of a favorable outcome.

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Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Neurology®
Volume 89 • Number 10 • September 5, 2017
Pages: 1069-1077
PubMed: 28801338

Copyright

© 2017 American Academy of Neurology.

Publication History

Received: March 7, 2017
Accepted: May 22, 2017
Published online: August 11, 2017
Published in print: September 5, 2017

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Authors

Affiliations & Disclosures

Michael K. Hehir, MD
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
American Academy of Neurology, American Brain Foundation, Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America Clinician Scientist Development Award
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Lisa D. Hobson-Webb, MD
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
1. Honoraria for skills workshop at AAN Annual Meeting 2014-2015. 2. Honoraria for speaking at Duke University Advanced EMG Course 2014-2015. 3. Honoraria for speaking at the AANEM Annual Meeting 2016.
Editorial Boards:
1.
1. Editorial board member for Clinical Neurophysiology 2014-present. There is no compensation for this position. 2. Associate Editor for Muscle & Nerve. 3. Editorial board member for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology.
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
I perform nerve ultrasound as part of my clinical practice at the Duke University Medical Center Electromyography Laboratory, representing approximately 10% of my clinical practice.
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
1. Salary support from Genzyme for Pompe disease trial. 2. Research support from CSL Behring as site investigator for the PATH trial of subcutaneous immunoglobulin in CIDP. 3. Salary support from Valerion Therapeutics for ultrasound studies in glycogen storage disease type III.
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
1. National Institute of Aging 1 K23 AG23621-01A1; Site investigator for study with Duke Pepper Center 2016-2018
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
1. Spouse is employed by and has stock options in Aerpio Therapeutics, biotechnology company that develops drugs for diabetic macular edema and irritable bowel syndrome. 2. Spouse formerly employed by and holds stock in Tenax Therapeutics, which develops therapies for low cardiac output syndrome. 3. Spouse holds stock in Akebia, which develops pharmacotherapy for chronic kidney disease.
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Michael Benatar, MD, PhD
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
(1) Denali (2) Ra Pharmaceuticals (3) Alnylam (4) Mitsubishi-Tanabe
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
Journal Watch Neurology
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
(1) Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program (CDMRP) ALS Research Program Integration Panel
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
(1) Eli Lilly and Company (2) Alexion Pharmaceuticals (3) Cytokinetics (4) Neuraltus
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
(1) National Institutes of Health (U10 NS077423), PI, 2011-2018 (2) National Institutes of Health (U54 NS092091), PI, 2014-2019 (3) National Institutes of Health (271201300028C-8-0-1), Co-I, 2013- 2021 (4) National Institutes of Health (5U10NS07742), Site-PI, 2014-2017 (5) Food and Drug Administration (FD003517), PI, 2008-2016 (6) Centers for Disease Control (R01 TS000244), PI, 2016-2018
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
(1) ALS Association (16-TACL-242) (2) MDA (376132)
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
(1) Morris James LLP, 2016
View all articles by this author
Carolina Barnett, MD, PhD
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
speaker honoraria, CSL
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
(1) UCB
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Nicholas J. Silvestri, MD
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
Scientific advisory board for OptionCare, consultant for Alexion
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease, editorial board
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
Consultant for Alexion.
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
James F. Howard Jr, MD
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
(1) SAB(non-remunerative), Alexion Pharmaceuticals (2) SAB (non-remunerative), Alnylam Pharmaceuticals (3) SAB (non-remunerative), Alpha Cancer Technologies (4) SAB non-remunerative), Argenx BVBA (5) SAB (non-remunerative, Ra Pharmaceuticals (6) SAB non-remunerative), Toleranzia AB
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
(1) Alexion Pharmaceuticals, travel for investigator meetings, SAB meetings (2) Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, travel for SAB meeting (3) Argenx BVBA, travel for investigator meeting (4) Ra Pharmaceuticals, travel for SAB meeting
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
(1) Consultant (non-remunerative), Alexion Pharmaceuticals (2) Consultant (non-remunerative), Alpha Cancer Technologies (3) Consultant (non-remunerative), Argenx BVBA (4) Consultant (non-remunerative), Ra Pharmaceuticals (5) Consultant (non-remunerative), Toleranzia AB
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
(1) Centers for Disease Control, and Prevention (CDC) U01DD001116,Co-Investigator, 2014 ? 2019. (2) NIH U01-NS061799-01A2, Principal Site Investigator, 2013 ? 2021. (3) NIH NS079683-01A1, Inveseatigator, 2013 ? 2018. (4) NIH R01 NS074057-01A1, Co-Investigator, 2011 ? 2017
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Diantha Howard, MAMS
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NIH/NLM, R01LM011364 (Chen/Melton), Co-investigator, 2012-2016 NIH/NIA, R01 AG047992 subcontract (Newhouse/Aisen), Sub-Contract Co-Investigator, 2015-2020 NIH/DHHS, 1UG1HD90907-01 (Cowan), Data Analyst, 2016-2020 NIH/NIA, R01 AG050698 (Stapleton), Data Analyst, 2016-2021
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Amy Visser, MD
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Brian A. Crum, MD
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Richard Nowak, MD, MS
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
(1) Ra Pharma (2) Alexion (3) Shire
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
(1) Grifols
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
(1) Alexion (2) Grifols (3) Ra Pharma
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
(1) Grifols
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
(1) Alexion (2) Genentech (3) Grifols
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
(1) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) of the National Institutes of Health under award number U01NS084495, PI, 2013-2017
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
(1) Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA)
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Rachel Beekman, MD
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Aditya Kumar, MD
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Katherine Ruzhansky, MD, MS
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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I-Hweii Amy Chen, MD, PhD
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Michael T. Pulley, MD, PhD
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
Grifols Pharmaceuticals; Gamunex
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
Florida Department of Health; Telemedcicine in ALS
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
ALS Association of Florida through the Florida Department of Health; Telemdicine in ALS
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Shannon M. LaBoy, MD, MS
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Melissa A. Fellman, MD
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Shane M. Greene, MD
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Mamatha Pasnoor, MD
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
1) FDA OPD, R01FD00003538, CO-investigator, 2011-2014 2) NIH, R01DK064814, Co-PI, 2015-2016
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Ted M. Burns, MD*
From the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (M.K.H., D.H., S.M.G.), Burlington; Duke University School of Medicine (L.D.H.-W.), Durham, NC; University of Miami Health System (M.B., M.A.F.), FL; University of Toronto School of Medicine (C.B.), Canada; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine (N.J.S.), NY; UNC School of Medicine (J.F.H.), Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic (A.V., B.A.C.), Rochester, MN; Yale School of Medicine (R.N., R.B., A.K.), New Haven, CT; Medical University of South Carolina (K.R., I.-H.A.C.), Columbia; University of Florida (M.T.P., S.M.L., Gainesville; University of Kansas Medical Center (M.P.), Kansas City; and University of Virginia School of Medicine (T.M.B.), Charlottesville.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
Argenx, UCB, CSL Behring
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
Argenx, Alexion
Editorial Boards:
1.
Section Editor for Neurology Podcast, 2007-present
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
received support for consulting activities from UCB Pharma, CSL Behring
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author

Notes

Correspondence to Dr. Hehir: [email protected]
*
Senior author.
Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.

Author Contributions

Dr. Hehir: study design, expert panel, data collection, data analysis, statistical analysis, and manuscript composition. Dr. Hobson-Webb: study design, expert panel, data collection, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Benatar: study design, data collection, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Barnett: study design, expert panel, data collection, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Silvestri: expert panel, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Howard Jr.: expert panel, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. D. Howard: statistical analysis and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Visser: data collection, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Crum: data collection, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Nowak: data collection, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Beekman: data collection, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Kumar: data collection, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Ruzhansky: data collection, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Chen: data collection, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Pulley: data collection, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Laboy: data collection, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Fellman: data collection, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Greene: data collection, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Pasnoor: data collection, data analysis, and critical revision of manuscript. Dr. Burns: study design, expert panel, data collection, data analysis, and manuscript composition.

Disclosure

M. Hehir is supported by an American Academy of Neurology, American Brain Foundation, and Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America Clinician Scientist Development Award. Dr. Hehir also received support from the UVM Department of Neurosciences for this project. L. Hobson-Webb, M. Benatar, and C. Barnett report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. N. Silvestri has consulted for Alexion and OptionCare for unrelated myasthenia gravis projects. J. Howard Jr., D. Howard, A. Visser, and B. Crum report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. R. Nowak is supported, in part, by National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) of the NIH under award number U01NS084495. Dr. Nowak also reports support through an investigator-initiated trial agreement from Genentech for placebo/drug for the currently underway clinical trial (clincialtrials.gov, NCT02110706). This funding/support is separate from the research in this article but related. R. Beekman, A. Kumar, K. Ruzhansky, I. Chen, M. Pulley, S. Laboy, M. Fellman, S. Greene, M. Pasnoor, and T. Burns report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures.

Study Funding

No targeted funding reported.

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