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April 18, 2018

Cortical and subcortical gray matter bases of cognitive deficits in REM sleep behavior disorder

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Shady Rahayel, BSc, Ronald B. Postuma, MD, MSc, Jacques Montplaisir, MD, PhD, Daphné Génier Marchand, BSc, Frédérique Escudier, PhD, Malo Gaubert, MSc, Pierre-Alexandre Bourgouin, BSc, Julie Carrier, PhD, Oury Monchi, PhD, Sven Joubert, PhD, Frédéric Blanc, MD, PhD, HdR, and Jean-François Gagnon, PhDAuthors Info & Affiliations
May 15, 2018 issue
90 (20) e1759-e1770
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005523
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Abstract

Objective

To investigate cortical and subcortical gray matter abnormalities underlying cognitive impairment in patients with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) with or without mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods

Fifty-two patients with RBD, including 17 patients with MCI, were recruited and compared to 41 controls. All participants underwent extensive clinical assessments, neuropsychological examination, and 3-tesla MRI acquisition of T1 anatomical images. Vertex-based cortical analyses of volume, thickness, and surface area were performed to investigate cortical abnormalities between groups, whereas vertex-based shape analysis was performed to investigate subcortical structure surfaces. Correlations were performed to investigate associations between cortical and subcortical metrics, cognitive domains, and other markers of neurodegeneration (color discrimination, olfaction, and autonomic measures).

Results

Patients with MCI had cortical thinning in the frontal, cingulate, temporal, and occipital cortices, and abnormal surface contraction in the lenticular nucleus and thalamus. Patients without MCI had cortical thinning restricted to the frontal cortex. Lower patient performance in cognitive domains was associated with cortical and subcortical abnormalities. Moreover, impaired performance on olfaction, color discrimination, and autonomic measures was associated with thinning in the occipital lobe.

Conclusions

Cortical and subcortical gray matter abnormalities are associated with cognitive status in patients with RBD, with more extensive patterns in patients with MCI. Our results highlight the importance of distinguishing between subgroups of patients with RBD according to cognitive status in order to better understand the neurodegenerative process in this population.

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Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Neurology®
Volume 90 • Number 20 • May 15, 2018
Pages: e1759-e1770
PubMed: 29669906

Copyright

© 2018 American Academy of Neurology.

Publication History

Received: September 13, 2017
Accepted: February 20, 2018
Published online: April 18, 2018
Published in issue: May 15, 2018

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Disclosure

S. Rahayel reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. R.B. Postuma received personal compensation for travel, speaker fees, and consultation from Biotie, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, and Teva Neurosciences. J. Montplaisir received personal compensation for consultancy services from Servier, Merck, and Valeant Pharmaceuticals. D. Génier Marchand, F. Escudier, M. Gaubert, P.-A. Bourgouin, J. Carrier, O. Monchi, S. Joubert, F. Blanc, and J.-F. Gagnon report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures.

Study Funding

This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Fonds de Recherche du Québec–Santé (FRQ-S), and the W. Garfield Weston Foundation. Dr. Gagnon holds a Canada Research Chair in Cognitive Decline in Pathological Aging.

Authors

Affiliations & Disclosures

Shady Rahayel, BSc
From the Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (S.R., R.B.P., J.M., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.C., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal; Department of Psychology (S.R., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital; Departments of Psychiatry (J.M.), Psychology (F.E., J.C., S.J.), and Radiology, Radio-Oncology, and Nuclear Medicine (O.M.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (F.E., J.C., O.M., S.J., J.-F.G.), Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology (O.M.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (F.B.), ICube UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Team IMIS, Strasbourg; and Saint François Day Hospital, Department of Geriatrics (F.B.), and Memory Resources and Research Centre (CM2R), Departments of Geriatrics and Neurology (F.B.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Ronald B. Postuma, MD, MSc
From the Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (S.R., R.B.P., J.M., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.C., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal; Department of Psychology (S.R., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital; Departments of Psychiatry (J.M.), Psychology (F.E., J.C., S.J.), and Radiology, Radio-Oncology, and Nuclear Medicine (O.M.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (F.E., J.C., O.M., S.J., J.-F.G.), Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology (O.M.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (F.B.), ICube UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Team IMIS, Strasbourg; and Saint François Day Hospital, Department of Geriatrics (F.B.), and Memory Resources and Research Centre (CM2R), Departments of Geriatrics and Neurology (F.B.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
Boehringer-Ingelheim, Teva
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
GE Health Care, Jazz, Novartis, Roche, Theranexus, Takeda, Biotie
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
Fonds de la Recherche en Sante, Canadian Institute of Health Research, The Parkinson Society of Canada, Weston-Garfield Foundation, MIchael J. Fox Foundation, Webster Foundation,
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Jacques Montplaisir, MD, PhD
From the Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (S.R., R.B.P., J.M., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.C., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal; Department of Psychology (S.R., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital; Departments of Psychiatry (J.M.), Psychology (F.E., J.C., S.J.), and Radiology, Radio-Oncology, and Nuclear Medicine (O.M.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (F.E., J.C., O.M., S.J., J.-F.G.), Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology (O.M.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (F.B.), ICube UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Team IMIS, Strasbourg; and Saint François Day Hospital, Department of Geriatrics (F.B.), and Memory Resources and Research Centre (CM2R), Departments of Geriatrics and Neurology (F.B.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
Advisory Board: Merck, Servier, Valeant Pharmaceutical; Impax Laboratories, Sanofi-Aventis; Jazz Pharmaceutical
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
Valeant Pharmaceutical Otsuka Pharmaceutical
Editorial Boards:
1.
1. Member of the Editorial Board : Sleep Medicine Review (1998 to date) 2. Associate editor: Sleep Medicine (2000 - 2011)
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
Merck 2010-2011 - Unrelated to the study (PI, multicenter study) GlaxoSmithKline 2011-2014 - Unrelated to the study (Investigator-driven project)
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
PI: Government of Canada Senior Chair in Sleep Medicine (2008-2015) PI: CIHR - MOP-62955 - 2008-2013; PI: CIHR - MOP-106692 - 2011-2015 PI: CIHR- MOP- 102631 - 2010-2015 Co-I: CIHR - MOP- 97825 ? 2011-2016; Co-I: CIHR - MOP-115125 ? 2012-2017; Co-PI: CIHR - MOP 173519 ? 2007-2012 Co-I: CIHR - MOP 64221 - 2008-2012
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
W Garfield Weston Foundation 2014-2018
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Daphné Génier Marchand, BSc
From the Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (S.R., R.B.P., J.M., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.C., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal; Department of Psychology (S.R., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital; Departments of Psychiatry (J.M.), Psychology (F.E., J.C., S.J.), and Radiology, Radio-Oncology, and Nuclear Medicine (O.M.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (F.E., J.C., O.M., S.J., J.-F.G.), Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology (O.M.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (F.B.), ICube UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Team IMIS, Strasbourg; and Saint François Day Hospital, Department of Geriatrics (F.B.), and Memory Resources and Research Centre (CM2R), Departments of Geriatrics and Neurology (F.B.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Frédérique Escudier, PhD
From the Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (S.R., R.B.P., J.M., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.C., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal; Department of Psychology (S.R., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital; Departments of Psychiatry (J.M.), Psychology (F.E., J.C., S.J.), and Radiology, Radio-Oncology, and Nuclear Medicine (O.M.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (F.E., J.C., O.M., S.J., J.-F.G.), Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology (O.M.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (F.B.), ICube UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Team IMIS, Strasbourg; and Saint François Day Hospital, Department of Geriatrics (F.B.), and Memory Resources and Research Centre (CM2R), Departments of Geriatrics and Neurology (F.B.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
Alzheimer Society Research Program (ASRP) Postdoctoral Fellowship
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Malo Gaubert, MSc
From the Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (S.R., R.B.P., J.M., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.C., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal; Department of Psychology (S.R., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital; Departments of Psychiatry (J.M.), Psychology (F.E., J.C., S.J.), and Radiology, Radio-Oncology, and Nuclear Medicine (O.M.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (F.E., J.C., O.M., S.J., J.-F.G.), Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology (O.M.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (F.B.), ICube UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Team IMIS, Strasbourg; and Saint François Day Hospital, Department of Geriatrics (F.B.), and Memory Resources and Research Centre (CM2R), Departments of Geriatrics and Neurology (F.B.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.
Disclosure
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NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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NONE
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NONE
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Pierre-Alexandre Bourgouin, BSc
From the Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (S.R., R.B.P., J.M., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.C., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal; Department of Psychology (S.R., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital; Departments of Psychiatry (J.M.), Psychology (F.E., J.C., S.J.), and Radiology, Radio-Oncology, and Nuclear Medicine (O.M.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (F.E., J.C., O.M., S.J., J.-F.G.), Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology (O.M.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (F.B.), ICube UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Team IMIS, Strasbourg; and Saint François Day Hospital, Department of Geriatrics (F.B.), and Memory Resources and Research Centre (CM2R), Departments of Geriatrics and Neurology (F.B.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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Julie Carrier, PhD
From the Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (S.R., R.B.P., J.M., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.C., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal; Department of Psychology (S.R., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital; Departments of Psychiatry (J.M.), Psychology (F.E., J.C., S.J.), and Radiology, Radio-Oncology, and Nuclear Medicine (O.M.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (F.E., J.C., O.M., S.J., J.-F.G.), Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology (O.M.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (F.B.), ICube UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Team IMIS, Strasbourg; and Saint François Day Hospital, Department of Geriatrics (F.B.), and Memory Resources and Research Centre (CM2R), Departments of Geriatrics and Neurology (F.B.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
1) Canopy Health
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
The Canadian Sleep and Circadian Network for which I am the scientific durector receives financial support from Respironics, Rana, and Merck
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
Canadian Institutes of Health Natural Science and Enginnering research Council Fonds de recherche du Qu?bec
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
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Oury Monchi, PhD
From the Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (S.R., R.B.P., J.M., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.C., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal; Department of Psychology (S.R., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital; Departments of Psychiatry (J.M.), Psychology (F.E., J.C., S.J.), and Radiology, Radio-Oncology, and Nuclear Medicine (O.M.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (F.E., J.C., O.M., S.J., J.-F.G.), Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology (O.M.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (F.B.), ICube UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Team IMIS, Strasbourg; and Saint François Day Hospital, Department of Geriatrics (F.B.), and Memory Resources and Research Centre (CM2R), Departments of Geriatrics and Neurology (F.B.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Sven Joubert, PhD
From the Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (S.R., R.B.P., J.M., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.C., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal; Department of Psychology (S.R., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital; Departments of Psychiatry (J.M.), Psychology (F.E., J.C., S.J.), and Radiology, Radio-Oncology, and Nuclear Medicine (O.M.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (F.E., J.C., O.M., S.J., J.-F.G.), Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology (O.M.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (F.B.), ICube UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Team IMIS, Strasbourg; and Saint François Day Hospital, Department of Geriatrics (F.B.), and Memory Resources and Research Centre (CM2R), Departments of Geriatrics and Neurology (F.B.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
(1) Revue de Neuropsychologie, associate editor, 2007-2018 (2) Journal of Alzheimer's disease, associate editor, 2016-17
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
(1) CIHR, #MOP123376, principal investigator, 2012-2017; (2) FRQ-S, #27019, senior research scholar, 2013-2017; (3) FRQ-S, co-investigator, 2013-2017; (4) Facult? de m?decine, Universit? de Montr?al, co-investigator, 2015-2017; (5) RQRV, principal investigator, 2017-2018
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
(1) Comit? aviseur pour la recherche clinique
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
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1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
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NONE
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Frédéric Blanc, MD, PhD, HdR
From the Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (S.R., R.B.P., J.M., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.C., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal; Department of Psychology (S.R., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital; Departments of Psychiatry (J.M.), Psychology (F.E., J.C., S.J.), and Radiology, Radio-Oncology, and Nuclear Medicine (O.M.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (F.E., J.C., O.M., S.J., J.-F.G.), Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology (O.M.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (F.B.), ICube UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Team IMIS, Strasbourg; and Saint François Day Hospital, Department of Geriatrics (F.B.), and Memory Resources and Research Centre (CM2R), Departments of Geriatrics and Neurology (F.B.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
Non-profit entity: France Alzheimer
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
(1)G?riatrie et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement (GPNV), journal editor, since 2015, (2) Behavioural Neurology, associate editor, since 2014, (3) Biomed Research International, associate editor, since 2014
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
(1) Projet hospitalier de Recherche Clinique,IDRCB 2012-A00992-4, principal investigator, 2013-2016.
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
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NONE
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Jean-François Gagnon, PhD
From the Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (S.R., R.B.P., J.M., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.C., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal; Department of Psychology (S.R., D.G.M., M.G., P.-A.B., J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital; Departments of Psychiatry (J.M.), Psychology (F.E., J.C., S.J.), and Radiology, Radio-Oncology, and Nuclear Medicine (O.M.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (F.E., J.C., O.M., S.J., J.-F.G.), Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology (O.M.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (F.B.), ICube UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Team IMIS, Strasbourg; and Saint François Day Hospital, Department of Geriatrics (F.B.), and Memory Resources and Research Centre (CM2R), Departments of Geriatrics and Neurology (F.B.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
(1) CIHR, co-Inv, 2012-2017. (2) CIHR, co-Inv, 2014-2019. (3) CIHR, co-Inv, 2017-2021. (4) Canada Research Chair, PI, 2015-2019
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
(1) The W. Garfield Weston Foundation, co-PI, 2013-2015
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Notes

Correspondence Dr. Gagnon [email protected]
Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.

Author Contributions

Shady Rahayel: study concept and design, data acquisition, analysis and interpretation, manuscript drafting. Ronald B. Postuma: study concept and design, data acquisition, funding, manuscript revision for content. Jacques Montplaisir: study concept and design, data acquisition, funding, manuscript revision for content. Daphné Génier Marchand: data acquisition, manuscript revision for content. Frédérique Escudier: data acquisition, manuscript revision for content. Malo Gaubert: data analysis and interpretation, manuscript revision for content. Pierre-Alexandre Bourgouin: data acquisition, manuscript revision for content. Julie Carrier: data acquisition, manuscript revision for content. Oury Monchi: data acquisition, manuscript revision for content. Sven Joubert: study design, manuscript revision for content. Frédéric Blanc: study design, manuscript revision for content. Jean-François Gagnon: study concept and design, data analysis and interpretation, study supervision and coordination, funding, manuscript revision for content.

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