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July 20, 2020

Mortality in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

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Russell Nightscales, BSc(Hons) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9108-207X, Lara McCartney, MBBS, Clarissa Auvrez, MD, Gerard Tao, MD, Sarah Barnard, MIPH, Charles B. Malpas, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0534-3718, Piero Perucca, MD, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7855-7066, Anne McIntosh, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5020-260X, Zhibin Chen, MBiostat, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1888-6917, Shobi Sivathamboo, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4638-9579, Sophia Ignatiadis, MSc, Simon Jones, MBBS, Sophia Adams, MBBS, PhD, Mark J. Cook, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8875-4135, Patrick Kwan, MD, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7310-276X, Dennis Velakoulis, MBBS https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8842-8479, Wendyl D'Souza, MBChB, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1750-5131, Samuel F. Berkovic, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4580-841X, and Terence J. O'Brien, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7198-8621Authors Info & Affiliations
August 11, 2020 issue
95 (6) e643-e652
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009855
Letters to the Editor
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Abstract

Objective

To investigate the hypothesis that patients diagnosed with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) on video-EEG monitoring (VEM) have increased mortality by comparison to the general population.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included patients evaluated in VEM units of 3 tertiary hospitals in Melbourne, Australia, between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2015. Diagnosis was based on consensus opinion of experienced epileptologists and neuropsychiatrists at each hospital. Mortality was determined in patients diagnosed with PNES, epilepsy, or both conditions by linkage to the Australian National Death Index. Lifetime history of psychiatric disorders in PNES was determined from formal neuropsychiatric reports.

Results

A total of 5,508 patients underwent VEM. A total of 674 (12.2%) were diagnosed with PNES, 3064 (55.6%) with epilepsy, 175 (3.2%) with both conditions, and 1,595 (29.0%) received other diagnoses or had no diagnosis made. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of patients diagnosed with PNES was 2.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0–3.3). Those younger than 30 had an 8-fold higher risk of death (95% CI 3.4–19.8). Direct comparison revealed no significant difference in mortality rate between diagnostic groups. Among deaths in patients diagnosed with PNES (n = 55), external causes contributed 18%, with 20% of deaths in those younger than 50 years attributed to suicide, and “epilepsy” was recorded as the cause of death in 24%.

Conclusions

Patients diagnosed with PNES have a SMR 2.5 times above the general population, dying at a rate comparable to those with drug-resistant epilepsy. This emphasizes the importance of prompt diagnosis, identification of risk factors, and implementation of appropriate strategies to prevent potential avoidable deaths.

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Letters to the Editor
27 July 2020
Reader response: Mortality in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Nitin K. Sethi, Associate Professor of Neurology | New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center (New York, NY)

I read with interest study by Nightscales et al.1 of mortality in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and the accompanying editorial by Giraldez and Lafrance.1,2 In my personal experience, patients with PNES usually carry multiple other diagnostic labels referable to different organ systems. Many of these diagnostic labels fall under the category of somatoform and conversion disorders. Whether the increased mortality seen in patients with PNES is on account of misdiagnoses of some latent cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, or neoplastic disorder as somatoform or conversion disorder with resultant delayed or inappropriate treatment should be investigated. The fact that overall mortality in the PNES group is 2.5 times the general population emphasizes that these patients should continue to remain in close follow up with both their neurologist and primary care physician after a diagnosis of PNES is made.

Disclosure

The author reports no relevant disclosures. Contact [email protected] for full disclosures.

References

  1. Nightscales R, McCartney L, Auvrez C, et al. Mortality in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Neurology 2002 Epub July 20.
  2. Bruzzone Giraldez MJ, LaFrance WC Jr. Mortality in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: A wake-up call. Neurology 2020 Epub July 20.
29 July 2020
Author response: Mortality in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Terence O'Brien, Neurologist | Monash University

We thank Dr. Sethi for his interest in our article1 and comment. We certainly agree that this group of patients should be evaluated and monitored for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, or neoplastic disorder. 30.9% of the deaths in our cohort of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) patients was due to one of these causes. Patients with PNES are over-represented in lower socioeconomic groups and have high incidence of modifiable risk factors for these disorders, such as smoking, alcohol and drug use, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.

Disclosure

The author reports no relevant disclosures. Contact [email protected] for full disclosures.

Reference

  1. Nightscales R, McCartney L, Auvrez C, et al. Mortality in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Neurology 2002 Epub July 20.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Neurology®
Volume 95 • Number 6 • August 11, 2020
Pages: e643-e652
PubMed: 32690794

Copyright

© 2020 American Academy of Neurology.

Publication History

Received: August 18, 2019
Accepted: February 6, 2020
Published online: July 20, 2020
Published in print: August 11, 2020

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Authors

Affiliations & Disclosures

Russell Nightscales, BSc(Hons) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9108-207X
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
(1) The National Health and Medical Research Foundation, APP1091593, The funding source had no role in the conducting or design of the study.
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
(1) The RMH Neuroscience Foundation
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Lara McCartney, MBBS
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
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1.
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Clarissa Auvrez, MD
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Gerard Tao, MD
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Sarah Barnard, MIPH
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
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Charles B. Malpas, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0534-3718
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
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Piero Perucca, MD, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7855-7066
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
(1) Supernus Pharmaceuticals (advisory board honorarium to my department)
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
(1) Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, speaker honorarium to my department (2) Eisai, speaker honorarium to my department (3) UCB, speaker honorarium to my department (4) Novartis, speaker honorarium to my department
Editorial Boards:
1.
(1) Epilepsia Open, Associate Editor, 2018-present (2) Neurobiology of Disease, Editorial Board Member, 2019- present
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
(1) National Health and Medical Research Council, APP1163708, PI, 2019-present (2) Shenzhen government, SZSM201812005, CI, 2018-present
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
(1) Monash University (Bridging Postdoctoral Fellowship) (2) Monash University (Establishment grant) (3) Royal Melbourne Hospital (Victor Hurley Medical Research Grant in Aid)
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
(1) Sylvia and Charles Viertel Charitable Foundation VIERCI2018014 (2) Brain Foundation (3) Epilepsy Foundation (4) Royal Australasian College of Physicians
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Anne McIntosh, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5020-260X
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Zhibin Chen, MBiostat, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1888-6917
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
(1) UCB Pharma
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
(1) National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia Early Career Fellowship, GNT1156444
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Shobi Sivathamboo, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4638-9579
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
(1) Non-profit entity, Victorian Medical Research Acceleration Fund to support salary, (2) Non- profit entity, The Neuroscience Foundation to support salary.
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Sophia Ignatiadis, MSc
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Simon Jones, MBBS
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Sophia Adams, MBBS, PhD
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Mark J. Cook, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8875-4135
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
UCB, travel and speaker honoraria SciGen, travel honoraria Sanofi Australia, speaker honoraria
Editorial Boards:
1.
Journal Editor for Epilepsia 2015-current Journal Editor for Frontiers in Neurology 2016-2018
Patents:
1.
Patent around counterstimulation techniques for the treatment of epilepsy. Invention concerns the precise stimulation strategy employed. Patent relating to electrodes and device for sub-scalp EEG monitoring Patent relating to seizure prediction
Publishing Royalties:
1.
Epileptic Seizures and the EEG Andrea Varsavsky, Iven Mareels, Mark Cook 01/2011; CRC Press., ISBN: 978-1-4398-1200-6
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
Commercial consultancy for Seer Pty Ltd - an ambulatory video-EEG service Commercial consultancy for Epi-Minder Pty Ltd, a medical device company
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
national health and medical research council funding for 3 years for study of EEG localisation of epilepsy, and for brain probing techniques for seizure prediction. Source - Australian Federal government Australian Research Council
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
Stock held in Seer Pty Ltd and Epi-Minder Pty Ltd, and serve on Board of Directors for both companies.
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Patrick Kwan, MD, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7310-276X
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
Eisai, UCB Pharma
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
UCB Pharma, Eisai, LivaNova
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
P. Kwan/his institution received speaker or consultancy fees and/or research grants from Eisai, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, and UCB Pharma. He is supported by the Medical Research Future Fund Practitioner Fellowship.
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
Eisai, UCB Pharma
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
(1) Australia Research Council (DP140101967), PI, 2014-2017; (2) Australian National Health & Medical Research Council (APP1103979), PI, 2016-2018; (3) Australian National Health & Medical Research Council (APP1136427), PI, 2018 – 2021; (4) Australian National Health & Medical Research Council (APP1143934), PI, 2018 – 2021; (5) National Science Foundation of China (81728006), PI, 2018 – 2019; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1151367), PI, 2016-2017; (6) Medical Future Research Fund Practitioner Fellowship (APP1136427), PI, 2018-2022.
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Dennis Velakoulis, MBBS https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8842-8479
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
1. NUCOG, ACER, 2009
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NHMRC research grant support
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Wendyl D'Souza, MBChB, PhD* https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1750-5131
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
On scientific advisory board for Eisai Pharmaceutical On scientific advisory board for MGC Pharmaceutical Australia and Scientific Advisory Board UCB Pharmaceuticals On Scientific Advisory Board for LivaNova
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
UCB Pharma - travel, investigator-initiated, and speaker honoraria LivaNova - scientific advisory board honoraria Eisai Pharmaceutical Australia - travel, investigator and speaker, honoraria Novartis Pharmaceutical educational grant Pfizer Pharmaceuticals educational grant Sanofi-Synthelabo educational grant GSK Neurology Australia - educational, travel and fellowship grant SciGen Pharmaceuticals - honoraria
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
Investigator initiated grant from UCB Pharma Australia Investigator initiated grant from Eisai pharmaceuticals
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
Epilepsy Society of Australia Clinical Fellowship in Epilepsy (Dr Ian Wilson, Fellow) Epilepsy society of Australia clinical fellowship in epilepsy ( Dr Andrew Neal)
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Samuel F. Berkovic, MD* https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4580-841X
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
UCB Pharma Eisai, Australia
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
Brain (Editorial Board – 2000 - 2004; Advisory Board 2005-2016 ) Epileptic Disorders (1999- ) Lancet Neurology (2011- )
Patents:
1.
I am one of the inventors listed on a patent held by Bionomics Inc on diagnostic testing of using the SCN1A gene. International publication number WO2006/133508; filed 16/06/2006. I am one of the inventors on pending patent WO61/010176: Therapeutic Compound that relates to discovery of PCDH19 gene as the cause of familial epilepsy with mental retardation limited to females
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
Praxis
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
UCB unrestricted research grant SciGen unrestricted research grant Eisai unrestricted research grant
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (Program Grant #1091593; 2016-2020) NINDS (U01 NS077367-01; 2011-2014)
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Terence J. O'Brien, MD* https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7198-8621
From the Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (R.N., S.B., C.B.M., P.P., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Z.C.), Monash University, Melbourne; Departments of Medicine (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., A.M., Z.C., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neurology (R.N., C.A., G.T., C.B.M., P.P., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.) and Neuropsychiatry Unit (L.M., S.J., S.A., D.V.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and The Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (C.B.M.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine (R.N.) and Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (A.M., S.F.B.), Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (C.B.M., P.P., A.M., S.S., P.K., T.J.O.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; and Department of Medicine (S.I., M.J.C., W.D.), St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
Medical Advisory Board, Eisai Medical Advisory Board, UCB Medical Advisory Board, LivaNova Medical Advisory Board, Supernus
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
(1) UCB Pharma, speaker honoraria; (2) Eisai, speaker honoraria
Editorial Boards:
1.
(1) Epilepsy and Behavior (2009-17), 2), British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (2011-17), 3) Epilepsia Open (2016-17), 4) Epilepsia
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
Zynerba pharmaceuticals - medical monitor
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
Speaker fees for Eisai, UCB
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
(1) UCB; (2) Zynerba; (3) Sanofi, (4)Janssen- Cilag; (5) Eisai
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NHMRC Project grants (Australia) 2006-18; NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence Grant (2011-16), NIH (2016-17), NHMRC Program Grant 2016-20. NHMRC Investigator Grant 2019
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
RMH Neuroscience Foundation 2008-18
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author

Notes

Correspondence Dr. O'Brien [email protected]
Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.
*
These authors contributed equally to this work.

Disclosure

R. Nightscales, L. McCartney, C. Auvrez, G. Tao, S. Barnard, and C. Malpas report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. P. Perucca is supported by an Early Career Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1163708) and by the Viertel Clinical Investigator Award from the Sylvia and Charles Viertel Charitable Foundation. A. McIntosh and Z. Chen report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. S. Sivathamboo is supported by the Victorian Medical Research Acceleration Fund and The Royal Melbourne Hospital Neuroscience Foundation. S. Ignatiadis, S. Jones, S. Adams, and M. Cook report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. P. Kwan is supported by a Medical Research Future Fund Practitioner Fellowship; reports grants and personal fees from Eisai, UCB Pharma, and LivaNova; reports grants from Zynerba, Biscayne, and GW Pharmaceuticals; and has received travel, speaker honoraria, or consultancy fees from Sun Pharmaceuticals, Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, and Eisai. D. Velakoulis reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. W. D'Souza has received travel, investigator-initiated, and speaker honoraria from UCB Pharma; educational grants from Novartis, Pfizer, and Sanofi-Synthelabo; educational, travel, and fellowship grants from GSK Neurology Australia; and honoraria from SciGen Pharmaceuticals. S. Berkovic reports grants from The National Health and Medical Research Council, Eisai, UCB Pharma, and SciGen; has a patent for SCN1A licensed to various diagnostic companies with no financial return, a patent for PRRT2 gene licensed to Athena Diagnostics, and a patent for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Methods for Epilepsy and Mental Retardation Limited to Females (EFMR) licensed to Athena Diagnostics. T. O'Brien reports grants and personal fees from Eisai, UCB Pharma, and Zynerba. Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures.

Study Funding

Supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1091593) and the RMH Neuroscience Foundation.

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