Association of Plasma Brain-Derived Tau With Functional Outcome After Ischemic Stroke
Abstract
Objectives
To investigate whether circulating acute-phase brain-derived tau (BD-tau) is associated with functional outcome after ischemic stroke.
Methods
Plasma tau was measured by a novel assay that selectively quantifies BD-tau in the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke (SAHLSIS), which includes adult cases with ischemic stroke and controls younger than 70 years, and in an independent cohort of adult cases of all ages (SAHLSIS2). Associations with unfavorable 3-month functional outcome (modified Rankin scale score >2) were analyzed by logistic regression. Various stratified and sensitivity analyses were performed, for example, by age, stroke severity, recanalization therapy, and etiologic subtype.
Results
This study included 454 and 364 cases from the SAHLSIS and SAHLSIS2, with a median age of 58 and 68 years, respectively. Higher acute BD-tau concentrations were significantly associated with increased odds of unfavorable outcome after adjustment for age, sex, day of blood draw, and stroke severity (NIH stroke scale score) in both cohorts (OR per doubling of BD-tau: 2.9 [95% CI 2.2–3.7], P = 1 × 10−15 and 1.8 [1.5–2.2], P = 7 × 10−9, respectively). The association was consistent in the different stratified and sensitivity analyses.
Discussion
BD-tau is a promising blood-based biomarker of ischemic stroke outcomes, and future studies in larger cohorts are warranted.
Introduction
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein involved in mechanisms of plausible importance for ischemic brain injury including oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, apoptosis, and inflammation.1 CSF and blood-based total-tau (T-tau) are established biomarkers of neuronal and axonal damage in neurodegenerative diseases, and increased concentrations have also been reported in a few small studies on acute ischemic stroke.1 However, blood-based concentrations of T-tau do not correlate with T-tau concentrations in the CSF.2 We therefore recently developed an assay that selectively measures brain-derived tau (BD-tau) and not tau produced by peripheral tissues.2 We found that plasma/serum BD-tau outperforms T-tau as a biomarker for Alzheimer disease–type neurodegeneration2 and that increased BD-tau concentrations associated with unfavorable outcome after traumatic brain injury.3 Based on these findings, we hypothesize that circulating acute-phase BD-tau concentrations are associated with functional outcome after ischemic stroke.
Methods
Anonymized data will be shared on reasonable request, provided data transfer agrees with EU legislation on the general data protection regulation and with decisions by the Ethical Review Board of Sweden and the University of Gothenburg, the latter which should be regulated in a data transfer agreement.
Study Population
This study included cases and controls from the hospital-based observational longitudinal cohort study, the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke (SAHLSIS), previously described and in the online supplement (eMethods, links.lww.com/WNL/D357).4 In brief, patients with first-ever or recurrent acute ischemic stroke aged 18–69 years were recruited between 1998 and 2003. For validation, a second observational longitudinal cohort study, the SAHLSIS phase 2 (SAHLSIS2),5 was used. This ongoing study includes first-ever or recurrent adult cases with acute stroke of all ages, and this study includes participants recruited during the period 2015–2020. For both cohorts, ischemic stroke was defined as an episode of focal brain dysfunction with acute onset, lasting >24 hours, and of presumed vascular cause with no signs of hemorrhage on neuroimaging. Participants were excluded if further evaluation showed another etiology than stroke. Etiologic stroke subtypes were classified according to the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria6 with minor modifications as described.7
Stroke Severity and Functional Outcome
In the SAHLSIS, the maximum stroke severity within the first 7 days of admission to the hospital was assessed by the Scandinavian Stroke Scale and converted to the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) using an established algorithm.8 Of note, recruitment to the SAHLSIS took place before recanalization therapy was part of clinical routine treatment. In the SAHLSIS2, stroke severity was defined either as the NIHSS score at admission for patients who did not undergo recanalization therapy or 24 hours after recanalization therapy. Functional outcome was rated by the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at an in person 3-month follow-up visit in the SAHLSIS. In the SAHLSIS2, data on death and dependency 3 months after index stroke were retrieved from the Swedish national quality register Riks-Stroke and transformed into mRS scores as described.9 For both cohorts, the 3-month mRS scores were dichotomized into favorable (score 0–2) and unfavorable (score 3–6) outcomes.
Blood Sampling and Protein Measurement
EDTA plasma was isolated after an overnight fast at inclusion (median 4 [IQR 3–6] and 2 [IQR 2–4] days after index stroke in the SAHLSIS and SAHLSIS2, respectively). BD-tau measurements were performed on the Simoa HDX platform (Quanterix, Lexington, MA) as described at the Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.2 Acute serum levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) were previously measured in the SAHLSIS.10 For details, see the online supplement (eMethods, links.lww.com/WNL/D357).
Statistics
Binary logistic regressions were used to estimate associations with unfavorable outcome in univariable and multivariable analyses adjusted for age, sex, and day of blood draw (model 1) and stroke severity (model 2; model 1 + NIHSS score) in both cohorts separately. Data from both cohorts were merged for stratified analyses by etiologic stroke subtype, stroke severity (NIHSS score < vs ≥ 5), stroke location (right vs left hemisphere), and age (< vs ≥ median). For the SAHLSIS2, analyses were stratified based on intervention with recanalization therapy or not (i.e., intravenous thrombolysis and/or mechanical thrombectomy) and mechanical thrombectomy or not. Sensitivity analyses excluding patients with prestroke neurologic comorbidities, with prestroke functional disability, and younger than 70 years were also performed. Finally, the effect sizes of association with outcome for BD-tau and NfL (both Ln-transformed) were compared, and multiprotein regressions were performed to determine independent effects. Two-tailed p < 0.05 was considered significant.
Standard Protocol Approvals
Written informed consent was obtained by all participants or next-of-kin. The SAHLSIS was approved by the Regional Ethics Review Board in Gothenburg, Sweden (469-99, T553-03, and 413-04, T665-07) and the SAHLSIS2 by the Regional Ethics Review Board in Gothenburg (823-13, T1110-16) and the Swedish Ethics Review Authority (2022-00597-02).
Results
In this study, 454 cases and 55 controls from the SAHLSIS and 364 cases from the SAHLSIS2 were included, and their baseline characteristics are summarized in Table 1. In the SAHLSIS, plasma BD-tau concentrations were higher in cases compared with those in controls (Table 1 and Figure 1A; pt-test <0.001). In both cohorts, acute-phase BD-tau was higher in cases with unfavorable outcome compared with favorable outcome (Figure 1A; pt-test <0.001), and this association was significant in multivariable regression analyses (Figure 1B; eTables 1–2, links.lww.com/WNL/D357). Median BD-tau concentrations were lower in the SAHLSIS compared with those in the SAHLSIS2, and this was mainly due to the lower age of SAHLSIS participants; for details, see the online supplement (eResults). In the SAHLSIS2, the association was significant when stratifying by recanalization therapy (Figure 1C).
| SAHLSIS | SAHLSIS2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | All ischemic stroke | 3-mo outcome | All ischemic stroke | 3-mo outcome | |||
| Favorable | Unfavorable | Favorable | Unfavorable | ||||
| N | 55 | 454 | 351 | 103 | 364 | 237 | 127 |
| Age, median [IQR], y | 58 [44–65] | 58 [52–64] | 58 [51–64] | 60 [53–65] | 68 [59–79] | 65 [54–73] | 78 [68–85] |
| Male sex, n (%) | 37 (67) | 303 (67) | 228 (65) | 75 (73) | 231 (64) | 166 (70) | 65 (51) |
| Day of blood draw, median [IQR] | — | 4 [3–6] | 4 [3–6] | 4 [2–6] | 2 [2–4] | 2 [1–3] | 3 [2–6] |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 16 (30) | 270 (60) | 207 (59) | 64 (61) | 171 (47) | 90 (38) | 81 (64) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 2 (4) | 87 (19) | 64 (18) | 23 (22) | 49 (13) | 22 (9) | 27 (21) |
| Smoker, n (%) | 10 (18) | 178 (39) | 139 (40) | 39 (38) | 39 (11) | 24 (10) | 15 (12) |
| Stroke location, n (%) | |||||||
| Right hemisphere | — | 152 (34) | 112 (32) | 40 (39) | 132 (46) | 76 (42) | 56 (54) |
| Left hemisphere | 213 (48) | 160 (47) | 53 (52) | 112 (39) | 72 (40) | 40 (38) | |
| Brainstem or cerebellum | 83 (18) | 74 (21) | 9 (9) | 41 (14) | 33 (18) | 8 (8) | |
| Intravenous thrombolysis, n (%) | — | 3 (0.8) | 1 (0.3) | 2 (2) | 112 (31) | 77 (33) | 35 (28) |
| Thrombectomy, n (%) | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 105 (29) | 60 (25) | 45 (35) |
| Stroke severity (NIHSS), median [IQR]a | — | 2 [1–6] | 2 [1–4] | 12 [6–15] | 5 [1–13] | 3 [1–11] | 9 [4–16] |
| 24 h after recanalization therapyb, median [IQR] | — | — | — | — | 3 [1–10] | 1 [0–3] | 9 [4–13] |
| Subtype: large artery atherosclerosis, n | — | 54 | 38 | 16 | 44 | 21 | 23 |
| Small artery occlusion, n | — | 93 | 83 | 10 | 26 | 21 | 5 |
| Cardioembolic stroke, n | — | 64 | 42 | 22 | 102 | 61 | 41 |
| Cryptogenic stroke, nc | — | 131 | 107 | 24 | 56 | 42 | 14 |
| Other determined cause, nd | — | 37 | 21 | 16 | 25 | 18 | 7 |
| Undetermined cause, n | — | 75 | 60 | 15 | 58 | 38 | 20 |
| Plasma BD-tau, median [IQR], pg/mL | 3 [3–4] | 5 [4–15] | 5 [4–10] | 16 [6–39] | 16 [7–38] | 12 [5–28] | 28 [14–66] |
a
In the SAHLSIS, the maximum NIHSS score within the first 7 d of admission to the hospital was used; in the SAHLSIS2, the NIHSS was scored at admission (day 0) in all patients.
b
In the SAHLSIS2, the subset of patients who underwent recanalization therapy (intravenous thrombolysis and/or mechanical thrombectomy) were also scored using the NIHSS 24 h after the procedure (day 1). For these patients, this was the NIHSS score used in regression models.
c
No cause identified despite a complete workup.
d
Incomplete evaluation or more than 1 identified cause.
(A) Box plot of BD-tau in controls and in cases with ischemic stroke with favorable vs unfavorable outcome defined as modified Rankin scale (mRS) score 0–2 vs 3–6. *p < 0.001. (B–C) Forest plots of odds ratios for unfavorable outcome per doubling of BD-tau concentrations in (B) all ischemic stroke and C) stratified by intervention with or without recanalization therapy or thrombectomy.
In the combined cohort, BD-tau concentrations were higher in patients with unfavorable outcomes across all stroke subtypes (Figure 2A), and for large artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolic, and cryptogenic stroke, the association was significant in multivariable analyses (Figure 2B; eTable 4, links.lww.com/WNL/D357). The association remained significant in a variety of sensitivity and stratified analyses (Figure 2C; eTables 1–3).
(A) Box plot of BD-tau in cases with ischemic stroke stratified by etiologic stroke subtype with favorable vs unfavorable outcome defined as modified Rankin scale (mRS) score 0–2 vs 3–6. T test *p < 0.05, †p < 0.001. (B–C) Forest plots of odds ratios for unfavorable outcome per doubling of BD-tau concentrations for (B) LAA, CE, and cryptogenic stroke. The SAO subtype had only 15 cases with unfavorable outcome and was not analyzed by multivariable analysis. (C) Stratified by stroke severity (mild vs more severe; NIHSS score < or ≥5); age (younger vs older; < or ≥ 62 years); stroke location (right hemisphere vs left hemisphere). CE = cardioembolic; Crypt = cryptogenic stroke; fav = favorable outcome; LAA = large artery atherosclerosis; Other = other determined causes; SAO = small artery occlusion; un = unfavorable outcome.
Finally, the effect size for BD-tau in the SAHLSIS was higher than for NfL, although the confidence intervals were overlapping; and when both proteins were included in multiprotein models, only BD-tau remained significant (eTable 4, links.lww.com/WNL/D357). BD-tau was also more weakly correlated to day of blood draw compared with NfL (r 0.11 vs 0.30; p 0.02 and <0.001, respectively).
Discussion
We found an association between elevated acute-phase plasma concentrations of the novel blood-based biomarker BD-tau and unfavorable functional outcome after ischemic stroke that was independent of both age and stroke severity (a proxy for infarct size), the 2 strongest known predictors of poststroke outcome,11 in 2 independent cohorts. Consistent results were observed in stratified analyses according to etiologic stroke subtype, stroke severity, stroke location, age, and recanalization therapy groups, indicating that BD-tau may serve as a biomarker of outcome in most ischemic stroke subgroups. Compared with the neuroaxonal damage marker NfL, previously shown by us and others to associate with poststroke functional outcome,10,12,13 acute-phase BD-tau was more weakly correlated to day of blood draw and showed stronger association with outcome.
The principal strength of this study is the inclusion of consecutive hospital-based stroke cases in 2 independent clinical cohorts with different case mixes. Limitations to consider include that both cohorts were recruited from the same area of Sweden and might not be generalizable to populations of other races or ethnicities, the proportion of mild strokes was relatively high, we cannot rule out confounding due to early recurrences or new but clinically silent cerebral ischemia, and the day of blood sampling was not standardized.
To conclude, the current results suggest that plasma BD-tau has potential as an accessible blood-based biomarker of ischemic stroke outcome. Future studies in larger stroke cohorts are warranted to validate the present findings as are studies with repeated blood draws to examine the optimal day of sampling for outcome prediction.
Acknowledgment
The authors thank the study participants and Riks-Stroke. This study was conducted using professional biobank services from Biobank West and Biobank Sweden.
Appendix Authors
| Name | Location | Contribution |
|---|---|---|
| Tara M. Stanne, PhD | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg; Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden | Drafting/revision of the article for content, including medical writing for content; study concept or design; and analysis or interpretation of data |
| Fernando Gonzalez-Ortiz, MD, MSc | Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden | Drafting/revision of the article for content, including medical writing for content; major role in the acquisition of data; and analysis or interpretation of data |
| Cecilia Brännmark, MD, PhD | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg; Department of Research, Development, Education and Innovation, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden | Drafting/revision of the article for content, including medical writing for content |
| Katarina Jood, MD, PhD | Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg; Department of Neurology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden | Drafting/revision of the article for content, including medical writing for content; study concept or design |
| Thomas Karikari, PhD | Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh | Drafting/revision of the article for content, including medical writing for content |
| Kaj Blennow, MD, PhD | Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden | Drafting/revision of the article for content, including medical writing for content; study concept or design; and analysis or interpretation of data |
| Christina Jern, MD, PhD | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg; Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden | Drafting/revision of the article for content, including medical writing for content; major role in the acquisition of data; and analysis or interpretation of data |
Supplementary Material
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Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Publication History
Received: August 29, 2023
Accepted: November 16, 2023
Published online: January 31, 2024
Published in issue: February 27, 2024
Disclosure
K. Blennow serves as a consultant and on the advisory boards for Acumen, ALZPath, BioArctic, Biogen, Eisai, Julius Clinical, Lilly, Novartis, Ono Pharma, Prothena, Roche Diagnostics, and Siemens Healthineers, serves on data monitoring committees for Julius Clinical and Novartis, gives lectures, produces educational materials, participates in educational programs for Biogen, Eisai, and Roche Diagnostics, and is a cofounder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, outside the submitted work. T.M. Stanne, F. Gonzalez-Ortiz, C. Brännmark, K. Jood, T. K. Karikari, and C. Jern report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures.
Study Funding
The Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation (Jern, 20220184); the Swedish Research Council (Jern, 2021-01114; Blennow, 2022-00732; Karikari, 2021–03244); Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils, the ALF agreement (Jern, ALFGBG-965328; Blennow, ALFGBG-965240); the King Gustaf V:s and Queen Victoria's Foundation (Jern); the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (Blennow #AF-968270), Agneta Prytz-Folke's, and Gösta Folke's Foundation (Jern); and "Insamlingsstiftelsen" for Neurologic Research (Stanne).
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- Proteinopathies and the Neurodegenerative Aftermath of Stroke: Potential Biomarkers and Treatment Targets, Stroke, (2025).https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.124.049279
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- Plasma brain‐derived tau correlates with cerebral infarct volume, Journal of Internal Medicine, 297, 2, (173-185), (2024).https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.20041
- Neuronal plasma biomarkers in acute ischemic stroke, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 45, 1, (77-84), (2024).https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X241293537
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