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NIH Toolbox for assessment of neurological and behavioral function
March 11, 2013

Olfactory assessment using the NIH Toolbox

Pamela Dalton, PhD, MPH, Richard L. Doty, PhD, Claire Murphy, PhD, Robert Frank, PhD, Howard J. Hoffman, MA, Christopher Maute, EdM, Michael A. Kallen, PhD, MPH, and Jerry Slotkin, PhDAuthors Info & Affiliations
March 12, 2013 issue
80 (11_supplement_3) S32-S36
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182872eb4
Letters to the Editor
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Abstract

The human olfactory system provides us with information about our environment that is critical to our physical and psychological well-being. Individuals can vary widely in their ability to detect, recognize, and identify odors, but still be within the range of normal function. Although several standardized tests of odor identification are available, few specifically address the issues in testing very young children, most of whom are likely to be unfamiliar with many of the odor stimuli used in adult tests and have limited ability to read and identify labels to select among choices. Based on the format of the San Diego Odor Identification Test and the delivery system of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, we developed 2 versions of an odor identification test using standardized odor stimuli in a scratch-and-sniff format in which participants match 5 (children) or 9 (adults) odors to pictures representing the odor source. Results from normative testing and validation showed that for most participants, the test could be completed in 5 minutes or less and that the poorer performance among the youngest children and the elderly was consistent with data from tests with larger numbers of items. Expanding on the pediatric version of the test with adult-specific and public health–relevant odors increased the ecological validity of the test and facilitated comparisons of intraindividual performance across developmental stages.

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Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Neurology®
Volume 80 • Number 11_supplement_3 • March 12, 2013
Pages: S32-S36

Copyright

© 2013 American Academy of Neurology.

Publication History

Received: August 8, 2012
Accepted: November 26, 2012
Published online: March 11, 2013
Published in print: March 12, 2013

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Authors

Affiliations & Disclosures

Pamela Dalton, PhD, MPH
From the Monell Chemical Senses Center (P.D., C.M.), Philadelphia; Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery (R.L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; San Diego State University (C.M.), San Diego, CA; Ohio University (R.F.), Athens, OH; Epidemiology and Statistics Program (H.J.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other, Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Medical Social Sciences (M.A.K., J.S.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
Dr. Dalton served on a scientific advisory board for PepsiCO and Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
Dr. Dalton received travel reimbursement for speaking at Johnson & Johnson Consumer Product Company, PEPSICo advisory board meeting, Consumer Specialty Product Association, American Cleaning Council and Reckitt Benckiser, Ltd.
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
Dr. Dalton received research support from Altria Inc., International Flavors & Fragrances, Reckitt Benckiser, Cadbury and SC Johnson Company, Proctor & Gamble, Company.
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
Blueprint for Neuroscience Research, National Institutes of Health, under Contract No. HHS-N-260-2006-00007-C and with support from the U. S. Army Research Office under grant number W911NF-11-1-0087.
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
Karolinska Institute Dissertation Defense Opponent
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
Dr. Dalton served as expert witness to Dickinson Wright for the plaintiffs Enbridge Energy LLC and to McGuire Woods for the plaintiffs Premium Standard Farms
View all articles by this author
Richard L. Doty, PhD
From the Monell Chemical Senses Center (P.D., C.M.), Philadelphia; Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery (R.L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; San Diego State University (C.M.), San Diego, CA; Ohio University (R.F.), Athens, OH; Epidemiology and Statistics Program (H.J.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other, Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Medical Social Sciences (M.A.K., J.S.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
1. American Academy of Oral Medicine (Non-Profit), Invited Lecture, 2. Australasian Association for ChemoSensory Science (Non-Profit), Invited Lecture, 3. Columbia University (Non-Profit), Invited Lecture, 4. Harvard University (Non-Profit), Invited Lecture, 5. Hospital ABC (Mexico City) (Non-Profit), Invited Lecture, 6. Merck Pharmaceuticals (Commercial), Invited 1-time lecture, 7. Monash University (Non-Profit), Invited Lecture, 8. Mt. Sinai Medical Center (Non-Profit), Invited Lecture
Editorial Boards:
1.
1. Conference Papers in Medicine (Neurology Section), Editorial board, 2010-2012, 2. The Open Psychology Journal, Editorial Board, 2009-2012, 3. The International Journal of Otolaryngology, Editorial Board, 2011-2012, 5. World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Editorial Board, 2011-2012, 6. ISRN Otolaryngology, Editorial Board, 2011-2012, 7. Journal of Neurodegenerative Disease (Guest Editor), 2012, 8. OMICS Otolaryngology, Editorial Board, 2011-2012, 9. Neuroscience and Neuroeconomics (Honorary Member), 2011-2012, 10. World Journal of Neurology, Editorial Board, 2011-2012, 11. Journal of Clinical Toxicology, Editorial Board, 2011-2012, 12. Current Psychopharmacology, Editorial Board, 2011-2012
Patents:
1.
1. US 6557394, The rotating smell game test includes a test panel placed between and rotatably secured to a cover and a rear panel. The cover has two windows located adjacent each other. Located adjacent the periphery of the test panel are twelve labels. Below each label is a set of choices. When the cover is placed over the test panel and secured thereto the first set of choices and label should be aligned with their respective windows. To use the test, the person scratches the label located above the first set of choices and then immediately sniffs the label. The person then chooses the item which most closely corresponds with what he/she smells and marks it by darkening the circle located adjacent his/her choice. Once all of the labels have been smelled and the choices marked, the test panel is rotated once more. The correctly marked choices will appear in openings formed on the cover. 2. US Patent Application No: 2011/0253,800. Digital odor generator. This device includes a housing and a cylindrically shaped odor chamber carried by the housing and including a plurality of separate odor compartments isolated from each other. A porous hollow cylinder, made of plastic or some other porous material, with an odorant therein is located in each of the odor compartments. A nozzle in the form of a truncated cone is operatively connected to the odor chamber. The nozzle includes an outer face having an enlarged central opening and a plurality of smaller openings surrounding the central opening; the number of smaller openings being equal to the number of odor compartments. The outer face of the nozzle is arranged so that a person can position his or her nose near the openings. Each of the smaller openings is associated with a different one of the odor compartments and is isolated from the others and from the central opening so that the odor from only one odor compartment can be emitted through only one of the smaller openings. A fan within the housing is adapted to pass fresh air through the central opening. And an air pressure source selectively forces one or more of the odorants through their respective odor compartments and out of the nozzle.
Publishing Royalties:
1.
1. Doty, R.L. (Ed.): Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation. N.Y.: Marcel Dekker: 1st edition -- 1995, 864 pp.; 2nd edition - 2003, 1166 pp (royalities ended in 2011), 2. Hawkes, C.H. & Doty, R.L. The Neurology of Olfaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, 244 pp. 3. Doty, R.L. The Great Pheromone Myth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010, 296 pp.
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
1. Intelligent Beauty (Commercial), 2, Pfizer Inc. (Commercial), 3. PBS Television (Non-Profit), 4. National Institutes of Health (Non-Profit), 5. Western Medical Assessments (Commercial)
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
1. Department of Defense USAMRAA W81XWH-09-1-0467, Principal Investigator, 2009-2013, 2. National Institutes of Health RO1 MH 63381, Investigator, 2008-2013, 3. National Institutes of Health RO1 MH 59852, Investigator, 2011-2016, 4. National Institutes of Health K01 MH090548-01A1, Mentor, 2010-2015
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
1. Sensonics, Inc., 1984-2012
Legal Proceedings:
1.
None of the following relate specifically to this study 1. Adams & Adams, Expert Witness, 2. Anthony J. Petrone, Esq, Expert Witness, 3. Baron & Budd, Consultant, 4. Christopher Abdoney, Expert Witness, 5. Clancy & Stevens, Expert Witness, 6. D'Angelo & Jones, Expert Witness, 7. David Macey, Expert Witness, 8. Federal Defenders of Alaska, Expert Witness, 9. Federal Defenders of Middle District of Alabama, Expert Witness, 10. Lathrop & Gage, LLP, Expert Witness, 11. Gregory B. Grigsby LLC, Expert Witness, 12. Levinson, Axelrod, Mazie, Slater, Katz & Freeman, LLP, Expert Witness, 13. Lewis Bertrand, Expert Witness, 14. Murphy-Brown, LLP, Expert Witness, 15. Paul Genua, Expert Witness, 16. Rex Lamont Butler & Associates, Inc., Expert Witness, 17. Robins, Tunkey, Ross & Amsel; Rothshild, Wishek & Sands, LLP, Expert Witness, 18. State of New York, Expert Witness, 19. TASA, Expert Witness, 20. Young, Conaway, Stargatt & Taylor, Expert Witness.
View all articles by this author
Claire Murphy, PhD
From the Monell Chemical Senses Center (P.D., C.M.), Philadelphia; Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery (R.L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; San Diego State University (C.M.), San Diego, CA; Ohio University (R.F.), Athens, OH; Epidemiology and Statistics Program (H.J.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other, Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Medical Social Sciences (M.A.K., J.S.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
Self: None Family Member: Borax, meeting participation
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
Self: None Family Member: AMVAC, RIFM, Thompson Coburn, Weinberg Group
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
Self: NIH grant # R01AG004085, National Institute on Aging, PI, since 1982; (2) NIH grant # R01DC002064-14, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, PI, since 1994
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
Self: University of California, San Diego
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
Self: None Family Member: Holtsclaw & Kendall (legal consulting), Expert Witness (EW) Gas Explosion, 2010, City NY (legal consulting), EW Perception of Water Pollution, 2010, Daniel Graham (Kaiser) (legal consulting), EW Medical Standard of Care, 2010, Kaiser Permanente (legal consulting), EW Medical Standard of Care, Impaired Taste, 2010, Napoli Bern Ripka (legal consulting), EW Perception of Water Pollution, 2010, Southern Union-Missouri Gas Energy (legal consulting), EW Gas Explosion, 2011, Shimamura (legal consulting), Consulting Malodor, 2011, Shinkle (legal consulting), EW Gas Explosion, 2011, Tatro, Tekofsky & Sadwick, EW Water, 2012
View all articles by this author
Robert Frank, PhD
From the Monell Chemical Senses Center (P.D., C.M.), Philadelphia; Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery (R.L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; San Diego State University (C.M.), San Diego, CA; Ohio University (R.F.), Athens, OH; Epidemiology and Statistics Program (H.J.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other, Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Medical Social Sciences (M.A.K., J.S.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
(1) Chemosensory Perception, associate editor, 2011-present
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
R44 DC007291 (Hastings, PI) 9/01/07-8/31/09 Cellulose-based Strips for Human Taste Evaluation This SBIR project is designed to support development of a standardized clinical test for the sense of taste Role- consultant for psychophysical testing and analyses, R44 DC006369-02A2 (Hastings, PI) 7/25/2003-3/31/2008 A Clinical test of Olfaction Based Upon MEMS-microvalves This SBIR project is designed to support development of olfactory tests using microvalve technology Role- PI on subcontract to the University of Cincinnati for human subject testing of devices, R44 DC004139 (Gesteland, PI) 7/01/05-6/30/07 Regulatory approval of the Sniff Magnitude Test This SBIR project is designed to support data collection and testing as part of FDA approval for the Sniff Magnitude Test Role-co-investigator, R44 DC004139 (Gesteland, PI) 8/01/02-7/31/04 Sniff Magnitude Ratio as a Measure of Olfactory Acuity This SBIR project demonstrated the feasibility of using sniff responses as a clinical measure of olfaction Role- co-investigator
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
Sniff Magnitude Test, WR Medical Electronics, 2008-present
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Howard J. Hoffman, MA
From the Monell Chemical Senses Center (P.D., C.M.), Philadelphia; Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery (R.L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; San Diego State University (C.M.), San Diego, CA; Ohio University (R.F.), Athens, OH; Epidemiology and Statistics Program (H.J.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other, Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Medical Social Sciences (M.A.K., J.S.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
Only that I am a Federal government employee working as an epidemiologist at the NIDCD, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Christopher Maute, EdM
From the Monell Chemical Senses Center (P.D., C.M.), Philadelphia; Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery (R.L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; San Diego State University (C.M.), San Diego, CA; Ohio University (R.F.), Athens, OH; Epidemiology and Statistics Program (H.J.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other, Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Medical Social Sciences (M.A.K., J.S.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Michael A. Kallen, PhD, MPH
From the Monell Chemical Senses Center (P.D., C.M.), Philadelphia; Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery (R.L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; San Diego State University (C.M.), San Diego, CA; Ohio University (R.F.), Athens, OH; Epidemiology and Statistics Program (H.J.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other, Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Medical Social Sciences (M.A.K., J.S.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Jerry Slotkin, PhD
From the Monell Chemical Senses Center (P.D., C.M.), Philadelphia; Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery (R.L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; San Diego State University (C.M.), San Diego, CA; Ohio University (R.F.), Athens, OH; Epidemiology and Statistics Program (H.J.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other, Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Medical Social Sciences (M.A.K., J.S.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author

Notes

Correspondence to Dr. Dalton: [email protected]
Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.

Author Contributions

Dr. Dalton: study concept and design, data interpretation, and primary authorship of the manuscript. Dr. Doty: data interpretation and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. Dr. Murphy, Dr. Frank, Mr. Hoffman: data interpretation and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. Mr. Maute: participation in the study concept and design and revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. Dr. Kallen: data analysis and interpretation. Dr. Slotkin: participation in the study concept and design, study supervision, and revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content.

Disclosure

P. Dalton received grant funding from the Department of Defense (ARO) and the NIH (R01 DC 03275 and a subproject in P50 DC 006760) and received research support from Altria Inc., International Flavors & Fragrances, Reckitt Benckiser, Cadbury, and SC Johnson Company. She has been a consultant to Johnson & Johnson Co., Reckitt Benckiser, and an expert witness for legal proceedings to Premium Standard Farms (McGuire Woods, attorneys), and the City of Philadelphia. She has received honoraria from Columbia University, Mount Sinai Medical Center, and the International Fragrance Association. R. Doty receives grant funding from the NIH (RO1 MH 59852; RO1 MH 63381) and the Department of Defense (USAMRAA W81XWH-09-1-0467). He is a consultant to NIH grants RO1 AG041795 and U54 HD028138, and a mentor on NIH K01 MH090548-01. He is President and major shareholder of Sensonics, Inc., a manufacturer and distributor of tests of taste and smell. Over the last 2 years, he has been a consultant to Intelligent Beauty, Pfizer Inc., PBS Television, NIH, Western Medical Assessments, and a witness or consultant for legal proceedings. During this time, he received publishing royalties from Cambridge University Press, Informa, and Johns Hopkins University Press and honoraria from the American Academy of Oral Medicine, Australasian Association for ChemoSensory Science, Columbia University, Harvard University, Hospital ABC (Mexico City), Merck Pharmaceuticals, Monash University, and Mt. Sinai Medical Center. C. Murphy is funded by NIA grant R01 AG04085-24 and NIDCD grant DC02064-14. R. Frank, H. Hoffman, C. Maute, M. Kallen, and J. Slotkin report no disclosures. Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures.

Study Funding

This study is funded in whole or in part with Federal funds from the Blueprint for Neuroscience Research, National Institutes of Health, under contract no. HHS-N-260-2006-00007-C and with support from the US Army Research Office under grant no. W911NF-11-1-0087.

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