AAN.com
Quick search in Citations
AnywhereCitation
Advanced Search
Trending Terms:
Special Article
March 18, 2013
Free Access

Summary of evidence-based guideline update: Evaluation and management of concussion in sports
Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology

Christopher C. Giza, MD, Jeffrey S. Kutcher, MD, Stephen Ashwal, MD, FAAN, Jeffrey Barth, PhD, Thomas S.D. Getchius, Gerard A. Gioia, PhD, Gary S. Gronseth, MD, FAAN, … Show All … , Kevin Guskiewicz, PhD, ATC, Steven Mandel, MD, FAAN, Geoffrey Manley, MD, PhD, Douglas B. McKeag, MD, MS, David J. Thurman, MD, FAAN, and Ross Zafonte, DOAuthors Info & Affiliations
June 11, 2013 issue
80 (24) 2250-2257
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31828d57dd
Letters to the Editor
Track CitationsAdd to favorites
full text

Abstract

Objective:

To update the 1997 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) practice parameter regarding sports concussion, focusing on 4 questions: 1) What factors increase/decrease concussion risk? 2) What diagnostic tools identify those with concussion and those at increased risk for severe/prolonged early impairments, neurologic catastrophe, or chronic neurobehavioral impairment? 3) What clinical factors identify those at increased risk for severe/prolonged early postconcussion impairments, neurologic catastrophe, recurrent concussions, or chronic neurobehavioral impairment? 4) What interventions enhance recovery, reduce recurrent concussion risk, or diminish long-term sequelae? The complete guideline on which this summary is based is available as an online data supplement to this article.

Methods:

We systematically reviewed the literature from 1955 to June 2012 for pertinent evidence. We assessed evidence for quality and synthesized into conclusions using a modified Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation process. We used a modified Delphi process to develop recommendations.

Results:

Specific risk factors can increase or decrease concussion risk. Diagnostic tools to help identify individuals with concussion include graded symptom checklists, the Standardized Assessment of Concussion, neuropsychological assessments, and the Balance Error Scoring System. Ongoing clinical symptoms, concussion history, and younger age identify those at risk for postconcussion impairments. Risk factors for recurrent concussion include history of multiple concussions, particularly within 10 days after initial concussion. Risk factors for chronic neurobehavioral impairment include concussion exposure and APOE ε4 genotype. Data are insufficient to show that any intervention enhances recovery or diminishes long-term sequelae postconcussion. Practice recommendations are presented for preparticipation counseling, management of suspected concussion, and management of diagnosed concussion.
Concussion is recognized as a clinical syndrome of biomechanically induced alteration of brain function, typically affecting memory and orientation, which may involve loss of consciousness (LOC). Estimates of sports-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) range from 1.6 to 3.8 million affected individualsannually in the United States, many of whom do not obtain immediate medical attention.1 The table summarizes the currently available data for the overall concussion rate (CR) and the CRs for 5 commonly played high school and collegiate sports in males and females. Variability in care provider experience and training, coupled with an explosion of published reports related to sports concussion and mTBI, has led to some uncertainty and inconsistency in the management of these injuries.
Table Concussion incidence in high school and collegiate competitions among commonly played sports
This evidence-based guideline replaces the 1997 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) practice parameter on the management of sports concussion.2 It reviews the evidence published since 1955 regarding the evaluation and management of sports concussion in children, adolescents, and adults. This document summarizes extensive information provided in the complete guideline, available as a data supplement on the Neurology® Web site at www.neurology.org. References e1–e68, cited in this summary, are available at www.neurology.org.
This guideline addresses the following clinical questions:
1. For athletes, what factors increase or decrease concussion risk?
2a. For athletes suspected of having sustained concussion, what diagnostic tools are useful in identifying those with concussion?
2b. For athletes suspected of having sustained concussion, what diagnostic tools are useful in identifying those at increased risk for severe or prolonged early impairments, neurologic catastrophe, or chronic neurobehavioral impairment?
3. For athletes with concussion, what clinical factors are useful in identifying those at increased risk for severe or prolonged early postconcussion impairments, neurologic catastrophe, recurrent concussions, or chronic neurobehavioral impairment?
4. For athletes with concussion, what interventions enhance recovery, reduce the risk of recurrent concussion, or diminish long-term sequelae?

DESCRIPTION OF THE ANALYTIC PROCESS

This guideline was developed according to the processes described in the 2004 and 2011 AAN guideline development process manuals.3,4 After review of conflict of interest statements, the AAN selected a multidisciplinary panel of experts. A medical research librarian assisted the panel in performing a comprehensive literature search. Articles were selected for inclusion and rated for quality independently by 2 authors. Evidence was synthesized using a modified form of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation process.5 The panel formulated recommendations on the basis of the evidence systematically reviewed, from stipulated axiomatic principles of care, and, when evidence directly related to sports concussion was unavailable, from strong evidence derived from non–sports-related mTBI. The clinician level of obligation of recommendations was assigned using a modified Delphi process.

ANALYSIS OF EVIDENCE

The definitions for concussion/mTBI used in the identified studies were not identical but were judged by the panel to be sufficiently similar to allow for review.

For athletes, what factors increase or decrease concussion risk?

Some athletes may be at greater risk of sport-related concussion (SRC) associated with different factors (e.g., age, sex, sport played, level of sport played, equipment used).

Age/level of competition.

Based on Class I studies,6–9 there is insufficient evidence to determine whether age or level of competition affects concussion risk overall, as findings are not consistent across all studies or in all sports examined.

Sex.

Because of the greater number of male participants in sports studied, the total number of concussions is greater for males than females for all sports combined. However, the relationship of concussion risk and sex varies among sports. Based on Class I and Class II studies,6,10–13 it is highly probable that concussion risk is greater for female athletes participating in soccer or basketball.

Type of sport.

It is highly likely that there is a greater concussion risk with American football and Australian rugby than with other sports.6,11,14−16 It is highly likely that the risk is lowest for baseball, softball, volleyball, and gymnastics. For female athletes, it is highly likely that soccer is the sport with the greatest concussion risk (multiple Class I studies).13,17

Equipment.

It is highly probable that headgear use has a protective effect on concussion incidence in rugby (2 Class I studies).18,19 There is no compelling evidence that mouth guards protect athletes from concussion (3 Class I studies).18−20 Data are insufficient to support or refute the efficacy of protective soccer headgear. Data are insufficient to support or refute the superiority of one type of football helmet in preventing concussions.

Position.

Data are insufficient to characterize concussion risk by position in most major team sports. In collegiate football, concussion risk is probably greater among linebackers, offensive linemen, and defensive backs as compared with receivers (Class I and Class II studies).21,22

Body checking in ice hockey.

Body checking is likely to increase the risk of SRC in ice hockey (1 Class I study).23

Athlete-related factors.

Athlete-specific characteristics such as body mass index greater than 27 kg/m2 and training time less than 3 hours weekly likely increase the risk of concussion (1 Class I study).24

For athletes suspected of having sustained concussion, what diagnostic tools are useful in identifying those with concussion?

The reference standard by which these tools were compared was a clinician-diagnosed concussion (by physician or certified athletic trainer). None of these tools is intended to “rule out” concussion or to be a substitute for more thorough medical, neurologic, or neuropsychological evaluations.

Post-Concussion Symptom Scale or Graded Symptom Checklist.

The Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) and Graded Symptom Checklist (GSC) consist of simple checklists of symptoms. They may be administered by trained personnel, psychologists, nurses, or physicians, or be self-reported. Evidence indicates it is likely that a GSC or PCSS will accurately identify concussion in athletes involved in an event during which biomechanical forces were imparted to the head (sensitivity 64%–89%, specificity 91%–100%) (multiple Class III studies).25−33

Standardized Assessment of Concussion.

The Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) is an instrument designed for 6-minute administration to assess 4 neurocognitive domains—orientation, immediate memory, concentration, and delayed recall—for use by nonphysicians on the sidelines of an athletic event. The SAC is likely to identify the presence of concussion in the early stages postinjury (sensitivity 80%–94%, specificity 76%–91%) (multiple Class III studies).8,25,26,34–37

Neuropsychological testing.

Instruments for neuropsychological testing are divided into 2 types on the basis of their method of administration: paper-and-pencil and computer. Both types generally require a neuropsychologist for accurate interpretation, although they may be administered by a non-neuropsychologist. It is likely that neuropsychological testing of memory performance, reaction time, and speed of cognitive processing, regardless of whether administered by paper-and-pencil or computerized method, is useful in identifying the presence of concussion (sensitivity 71%–88% of athletes with concussion) (1 Class II study,38 multiple Class III studies25,26,39,40,e1−e6). There is insufficient evidence to support conclusions about the use of neuropsychological testing in identifying concussion in preadolescent age groups.

Balance Error Scoring System.

The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is a clinical balance assessment for assessing postural stability that can be completed in about 5 minutes. The BESS assessment tool is likely to identify concussion with low to moderate diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity 34%–64%, specificity 91%) (multiple Class III studies25,26,e7,e8).

Sensory Organization Test.

The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) uses a force plate to measure a subject's ability to maintain equilibrium while it systematically alters orientation information available to the somatosensory or visual inputs (or both). The SOT assessment tool is likely to identify concussion with low to moderate diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity 48%–61%, specificity 85%–90%) (multiple Class III studiese1,e7−e9).

Diagnostic measures used in combination.

A combination of diagnostic tests as compared with individual tests is likely to improve diagnostic accuracy of concussion (multiple Class III studies25,26,30,31). Currently, however, there is insufficient evidence to determine the best combination of specific measures to improve identification of concussion.

For athletes suspected of having sustained concussion, what diagnostic tools are useful in identifying those at increased risk for severe or prolonged early impairments, neurologic catastrophe, or chronic neurobehavioral impairment?

In addition to use for confirmation of the presence of concussion, diagnostic tools may potentially be used to identify athletes with concussion-related early impairments, sports-related neurologic catastrophes (e.g., subdural hematoma), or chronic neurobehavioral impairments. No studies were found relevant to prediction of sports-related neurologic catastrophe or chronic neurobehavioral impairment.
Studies relevant to the prediction of early postconcussion impairments provided moderate to strong evidence that elevated postconcussive symptoms (1 Class I40 study, multiple Class II and Class III studies28−30,33,e10), lower SAC scores (2 Class I studies25,26), neuropsychological testing score reductions (3 Class 1e4,e11,e12 and 3 Class II28,e13,e14 studies), and deficits on BESS (1 Class I study26) and SOT (1 Class I study,32 1 Class II studye9) are likely to be associated with more severe or prolonged early postconcussive cognitive impairments. It is possible that gait stability dual-tasking testing identifies athletes with early postconcussion impairments (1 small Class I study,e5 1 Class III studye15).

For athletes with concussion, what clinical factors are useful in identifying those at increased risk for severe or prolonged early postconcussion impairments, neurologic catastrophe, recurrent concussions, or chronic neurobehavioral impairment?

Predictors of severe or prolonged early postconcussion impairments.

It is highly probable that ongoing clinical symptoms are associated with persistent neurocognitive impairments demonstrated on objective testing (1 Class I study,40 2 Class II studies28,e10). There is also a high likelihood that history of concussion (3 Class I studies,21,23,e16 2 Class III studiese15,e17) is associated with more severe/longer duration of symptoms and cognitive deficits. Probable risk factors for persistent neurocognitive problems or prolonged return to play (RTP) include early posttraumatic headache (1 Class I study,e16 5 Class II studies28,e10,e18−e20); fatigue/fogginess (1 Class I study,e16 2 Class II studiese18,e21); and early amnesia, alteration in mental status, or disorientation (1 Class I study,e16 1 Class II study,e10 2 Class III studies29,e22). It is also probable that younger age/level of play (2 Class I studiese11,e23) is a risk factor for prolonged recovery. In peewee hockey, body checking is likely to be a risk factor for more severe concussions as measured by prolonged RTP (1 Class I study23). Possible risk factors for persistent neurocognitive problems include prior history of headaches (1 Class II studye19). Possible risk factors for more prolonged RTP include having symptoms of dizziness (1 Class III studye24), playing the quarterback position in football (1 Class III studye25), and wearing a half-face shield in hockey (relative to wearing full-face shields, 1 Class III studye26). In football, playing on artificial turf is possibly a risk factor for more severe concussions (1 Class I study, but small numbers of repeat concussions7). There is conflicting evidence as to whether female or male sex is a risk factor for more postconcussive symptoms, so no conclusion could be drawn.

Predictors of neurologic catastrophe.

Data are insufficient to identify specific risk factors for catastrophic outcome after SRCs.

Predictors of recurrent concussions.

A history of concussion is a highly probable risk factor for recurrent concussion (6 Class I studies,7,18,21−23,e27 1 Class II studye28). It is also highly likely that there is an increased risk for repeat concussion in the first 10 days after an initial concussion (2 Class I studies21,e29), an observation supported by pathophysiologic studies. Probable risk factors for recurrent concussion include longer length of participation (1 Class I studye3) and quarterback position played in football (1 Class I study,e3 1 Class III studye25).

Predictors of chronic neurobehavioral impairment.

Prior concussion exposure is highly likely to be a risk factor for chronic neurobehavioral impairment across a broad range of professional sports, and there appears to be a relationship with increasing exposure (2 Class I studies,e30,e31 6 Class II studies,e32−e37 1 Class III studye38) in football, soccer, boxing, and horse racing. One Class II study in soccer found no such relationship.e39 Evidence is insufficient to determine whether there is a relationship between chronic cognitive impairment and heading in professional soccer (inconsistent Class II studiese36,e37,e39).
Data are insufficient to determine whether prior concussion exposure is associated with chronic cognitive impairment in amateur athletes (9 Class I studies,e3,e31,e40−e46 9 Class II studies,e13,e47−e54 3 Class III studiese55−e57). Likewise, data are insufficient to determine whether the number of heading incidents is associated with neurobehavioral impairments in amateur soccer. APOE ε4 genotype is likely to be associated with chronic cognitive impairment after concussion exposure (2 Class II studiese32,e35), and preexisting learning disability may be a risk factor (1 Class I studye3). Data are insufficient to conclude whether sex and age are risk factors for chronic postconcussive problems.

For athletes with concussion, what interventions enhance recovery, reduce the risk of recurrent concussion, or diminish long-term sequelae?

Each of several studies addressed a different aspect of postconcussion intervention, providing evidence that was graded as very low to low.e29,e58−e60 On the basis of the available evidence, no conclusions can be drawn regarding the effect of postconcussive activity level on the recovery from SRC or the likelihood of developing chronic postconcussion complications.

PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS

For this guideline, recommendations have each been categorized as 1 of 3 types: 1) preparticipation counseling recommendations; 2) recommendations related to assessment, diagnosis, and management of suspected concussion; and 3) recommendations for management of diagnosed concussion (including acute management, RTP, and retirement). In this section, the term experienced licensed health care provider (LHCP) refers to an individual who has acquired knowledge and skills relevant to evaluation and management of sports concussions and is practicing within the scope of his or her training and experience. The role of the LHCP can generally be characterized in 1 of 2 ways: sideline (at the sporting event) or clinical (at an outpatient clinic or emergency room).

Preparticipation counseling.

1.
School-based professionals should be educated by experienced LHCPs designated by their organization/institution to understand the risks of experiencing a concussion so that they may provide accurate information to parents and athletes (Level B).
2.
To foster informed decision-making, LHCPs should inform athletes (and where appropriate, the athletes' families) of evidence concerning the concussion risk factors. Accurate information regarding concussion risks also should be disseminated to school systems and sports authorities (Level B).

Suspected concussion.

Use of checklists and screening tools.

1.
Inexperienced LHCPs should be instructed in the proper administration of standardized validated sideline assessment tools. This instruction should emphasize that these tools are only an adjunct to the evaluation of the athlete with suspected concussion and cannot be used alone to diagnose concussion (Level B). These providers should be instructed by experienced individuals (LHCPs) who themselves are licensed, knowledgeable about sports concussion, and practicing within the scope of their training and experience, designated by their organization/institution in the proper administration of the standardized validated sideline assessment tools (Level B).
2.
In individuals with suspected concussion, these tools should be utilized by sideline LHCPs and the results made available to clinical LHCPs who will be evaluating the injured athlete (Level B).
3.
LHCPs caring for athletes might utilize individual baseline scores on concussion assessment tools, especially in younger athletes, those with prior concussions, or those with preexisting learning disabilities/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, as doing so fosters better interpretation of postinjury scores (Level C).
4.
Team personnel (e.g., coaching, athletic training staff, sideline LHCPs) should immediately remove from play any athlete suspected of having sustained a concussion, in order to minimize the risk of further injury (Level B).
5.
Team personnel should not permit the athlete to return to play until the athlete has been assessed by an experienced LHCP with training both in the diagnosis and management of concussion and in the recognition of more severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) (Level B).

Neuroimaging.

CT imaging should not be used to diagnose SRC but might be obtained to rule out more serious TBI such as an intracranial hemorrhage in athletes with a suspected concussion who have LOC, posttraumatic amnesia, persistently altered mental status (Glasgow Coma Scale <15), focal neurologic deficit, evidence of skull fracture on examination, or signs of clinical deterioration (Level C).

Management of diagnosed concussion.

RTP: Risk of recurrent concussion.

1.
In order to diminish the risk of recurrent injury, individuals supervising athletes should prohibit an athlete with concussion from returning to play/practice (contact-risk activity) until an LHCP has judged that the concussion has resolved (Level B).
2.
In order to diminish the risk of recurrent injury, individuals supervising athletes should prohibit an athlete with concussion from returning to play/practice (contact-risk activity) until the athlete is asymptomatic off medication (Level B).

RTP: Age effects.

1.
Individuals supervising athletes of high school age or younger with diagnosed concussion should manage them more conservatively regarding RTP than they manage older athletes (Level B).
2.
Individuals using concussion assessment tools for the evaluation of athletes of preteen age or younger should ensure that these tools demonstrate appropriate psychometric properties of reliability and validity (Level B).

RTP: Concussion resolution.

Clinical LHCPs might use supplemental information, such as neurocognitive testing or other tools, to assist in determining concussion resolution. This may include but is not limited to resolution of symptoms as determined by standardized checklists and return to age-matched normative values or an individual's preinjury baseline performance on validated neurocognitive testing (Level C).

RTP: Graded physical activity.

LHCPs might develop individualized graded plans for return to physical and cognitive activity, guided by a carefully monitored, clinically based approach to minimize exacerbation of early postconcussive impairments (Level C).

Cognitive restructuring.

Cognitive restructuring is a form of brief psychological counseling that consists of education, reassurance, and reattribution of symptoms. Whereas there are no specific studies using cognitive restructuring specifically in sports concussions, multiple studiese61−e68 using this intervention for mTBI have shown benefit in decreasing the proportion of individuals who develop chronic postconcussion syndrome.
Therefore, LHCPs might provide cognitive restructuring counseling to all athletes with concussion to shorten the duration of subjective symptoms and diminish the likelihood of development of chronic postconcussion syndrome (Level C).

Retirement from play after multiple concussions: Assessment.

1.
LHCPs might refer professional athletes with a history of multiple concussions and subjective persistent neurobehavioral impairments for neurologic and neuropsychological assessment (Level C).
2.
LCHPs caring for amateur athletes with a history of multiple concussions and subjective persistent neurobehavioral impairments might use formal neurologic/cognitive assessment to help guide retirement-from-play decisions (Level C).

Retirement from play: Counseling.

1.
LHCPs should counsel athletes with a history of multiple concussions and subjective persistent neurobehavioral impairment about the risk factors for developing permanent or lasting neurobehavioral or cognitive impairments (Level B).
2.
LHCPs caring for professional contact sport athletes who show objective evidence for chronic/persistent neurologic/cognitive deficits (such as seen on formal neuropsychological testing) should recommend retirement from the contact sport to minimize risk for and severity of chronic neurobehavioral impairments (Level B).

GLOSSARY

AAN
American Academy of Neurology
BESS
Balance Error Scoring System
CR
concussion rate
GSC
Graded Symptom Checklist
LHCP
licensed health care provider
LOC
loss of consciousness
mTBI
mild traumatic brain injury
PCSS
Post-Concussion Symptom Scale
RTP
return to play
SAC
Standardized Assessment of Concussion
SRC
sport-related concussion
SOT
Sensory Organization Test
TBI
traumatic brain injury

Appendix

Full length guideline, two appendices, and references; three PDF files and one Microsoft Word file.
Neurology® data supplements are not copyedited before publication. Published editorials and translations have been copyedited. © 2013 American Academy of Neurology. Files in this Data Supplement:
Appendix e-4 - PDF file
e-References - PDF file
Appendix e-6 - Microsoft Word file

Footnote

Editorial, page 2178

Supplementary Material

File (2178.pdf)
File (appendix_4.pdf)
File (e-references.pdf)
File (full-length_sports_concussion_guideline.pdf)
File (tables.docx)

DISCLAIMER

This statement is provided as an educational service of the American Academy of Neurology. It is based on an assessment of current scientific and clinical information. It is not intended to include all possible proper methods of care for a particular neurologic problem or all legitimate criteria for choosing to use a specific procedure. Neither is it intended to exclude any reasonable alternative methodologies. The AAN recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient and the physician caring for the patient, based on all of the circumstances involved. The clinical context section is made available in order to place the evidence-based guideline(s) into perspective with current practice habits and challenges. Formal practice recommendations are not intended to replace clinical judgment.

REFERENCES

1.
Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2006;21:375–378.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
2.
American Academy of Neurology. Practice Parameter: the management of concussion in sports (summary statement): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee. Neurology 1997;48;581–585.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
3.
American Academy of Neurology. Clinical Practice Guideline Process Manual, 2004 ed. St. Paul, MN: The American Academy of Neurology; 2004.
Google Scholar
4.
American Academy of Neurology. Clinical Practice Guideline Process Manual, 2011 ed. St. Paul, MN: The American Academy of Neurology; 2011.
Google Scholar
5.
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Schunemann HJ, Tugwell P, Knottnerus A. GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol 2011;64:380–382.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
6.
Gessell LM, Fields SK, Collins CL, Dick RW, Comstock RD. Concussions among United States high school and collegiate athletes. J Athl Train 2007;42:495–503.
PubMed
Google Scholar
7.
Guskiewicz KM, Weaver NL, Padua DA, Garrett WE. Epidemiology of concussion in collegiate and high school football players. Am J Sports Med 2000;28:643–650.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
8.
Barr WB, McCrea M. Sensitivity and specificity of standardized neurocognitive testing immediately following sports concussion. J Int Neuropsychological Soc 2001;7:693–702.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
9.
Emery CA, Meeuwisse WH. Injury rates, risk factors, and mechanisms of injury in minor hockey. Am J Sports Med 2006;34:1960–1969.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
10.
Covassin T, Swanik CB, Sachs ML. Sex differences and the incidence of concussions among collegiate athletes. J Athl Train 2003;38:238–244.
PubMed
Google Scholar
11.
Powell JW, Barber-Foss KD. Traumatic brain injury in high school athletes. JAMA 1999;282:958–963.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
12.
Fuller CW, Junge A, Dvorak J. A six year prospective study of the incidence and causes of head and neck injuries in international football. Br J Sports Med 2005;suppl 39:i3–i9.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
13.
Lincoln AE, Caswell SV, Almquist JL, Dunn RE, Norris JB, Hinton RY. Trends in concussion incidence in high school sports: a prospective 11-year study. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:958–963.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
14.
Covassin T, Swanik CB, Sachs ML. Epidemiologic considerations of concussions among intercollegiate athletes. Appl Neuropsychol 2003;10:12–22.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
15.
Hootman JM, Dick R, Agel J. Epidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sports: summary and recommendations for injury prevention initiatives. J Athl Train 2007;42:311–319.
PubMed
Google Scholar
16.
Junge A, Cheung K, Edwards T, Dvorak J. Injuries in youth amateur soccer and rugby players: comparison of incidence and characteristics. Br J Sports Med 2004;38:168–172.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
17.
Kerr ZY, Collins CL, Fields SK, Comstock RD. Epidemiology of player–player contact injuries among US high school athletes, 2005–2009. Clin Pediatr 2011;50:594–603.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
18.
Hollis SJ, Stevenson MR, McIntosh AS, Shores EA, Collins MW, Taylor CB. Incidence, risk, and protective factors of mild traumatic brain injury in a cohort of Australian nonprofessional male rugby players. Am J Sports Med 2009;37:2328–2333.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
19.
Kemp SPT, Hudson Z, Brooks JHM, Fuller CW. The epidemiology of head injuries in English professional rugby union. Clin J Sport Med 2008;18:227–234.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
20.
Blignaut JB, Carstens IL, Lombard CJ. Injuries sustained in rugby by wearers and non-wearers of mouthguards. B J Sports Med 1987;21:5–7.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
21.
Guskiewicz KM, McCrea M, Marshall SW, et al. Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA concussion study. JAMA 2003;19:2549–2555.
Crossref
Google Scholar
22.
Delaney TS, Lacroix VJ, Leclerc S, Johnston KM. Concussions among university football and soccer players. Clin J Sport Med 2002;12:331–338.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
23.
Emery CA, Kang J, Shrier I, et al. Risk of injury associated with body checking among youth ice hockey players. JAMA 2010;303:2265–2272.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
24.
Hollis SJ, Stevenson MR, McIntosh AS, et al. Mild traumatic brain injury among a cohort of rugby union players: predictors of time to injury. Br J Sports Med 2011;45:997–999.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
25.
McCrea M, Barr WB, Guskiewicz K, et al. Standard regression-based methods for measuring recovery after sport-related concussion. J Int Neuropsychological Soc 2005;11:58–69.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
26.
McCrea M, Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW, et al. Acute effects and recovery time following concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA concussion study. JAMA 2003;290:2556–2563.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
27.
Piland SG, Motl RW, Ferrara MS, Peterson CL. Evidence for the factorial and construct validity of a self-report concussion symptoms scale. J Athl Train 2003;38:104–112.
PubMed
Google Scholar
28.
Lau B, Lovell MR, Collins MW, Pardini J. Neurocognitive and symptom predictors of recovery in high school athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2009;19:216–221.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
29.
Lovell MR, Collins MW, Iverson GL, et al. Recovery from mild concussion in high school athletes. J Neurosurg 2003;98:296–301.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
30.
Lovell MR, Collins MW, Iverson GL, Johnston KM, Bradley JR. Grade 1 or “ding” concussions in high school athletes. Am J Sports Med 2004;32:47–54.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
31.
Van Kampen DA, Lovell MR, Pardini JE, Collins MW, Fu FH. The “value added” of neurocognitive testing after sports-related concussion. Am J Sports Med 2006;34:1630–1635.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
32.
Peterson CL, Ferrara MS, Mrazik M, Piland S, Elliot R. Evaluation of neuropsychological domain scores and postural stability following cerebral concussion in sports. Clin J Sport Med 2003;13:230–237.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
33.
Lavoie ME, Dupuis F, Johnston KM, Leclerc S, Lassonde M. Visual P300 effects beyond symptoms in concussed college athletes. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2004;26:55–73.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
34.
McCrea M, Kelly JP, Kluge J, Ackley B, Randolph C. Standardized assessment of concussion in football players. Neurology 1997;48:586–588.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
35.
McCrea M. Standardized mental status testing on the sideline after sport-related concussion. J Athl Train 2001;36:274–279.
PubMed
Google Scholar
36.
McCrea M, Kelly JP, Randolph C. Standardized assessment of concussion (SAC): on-site mental status evaluation of the athlete. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1998;13:27–35.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
37.
Nassiri JD, Daniel JC, Wilckens J, Land BC. The implementation and use of the standardized assessment of concussion at the U.S. Naval Academy. Mil Med 2002;167:873–876.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
38.
Hutchison M, Comper P, Mainwaring L, Richards D. The influence of musculoskeletal injury on cognition: implications for concussion research. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:2331–2337.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
39.
Erlanger D, Feldman D, Kutner K, et al. Development and validation of a web-based neuropsychological test protocol for sports-related return-to-play decision-making. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2003;18:293–316.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar
40.
Collie A, Makdissi M, Maruff P, Bennell K, McCrory P. Cognition in the days following concussion: comparison of symptomatic versus asymptomatic athletes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:241–245.
Crossref
PubMed
Google Scholar

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Neurology®
Volume 80 • Number 24 • June 11, 2013
Pages: 2250-2257
PubMed: 23508730

Copyright

© 2013 American Academy of Neurology.

Publication History

Received: August 6, 2012
Accepted: February 12, 2013
Published online: March 18, 2013
Published in print: June 11, 2013

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Disclosure

C. Giza is a commissioner on the California State Athletic Commission, a member of the steering committee for the Sarah Jane Brain Project, a consultant for the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA), a member of the concussion committee for Major League Soccer, a member of the Advisory Board for the American Association for Multi-Sensory Environments (AAMSE), and a subcommittee chair for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Guideline Workgroup; has received funding for travel for invited lectures on traumatic brain injury (TBI)/concussion; has received royalties from Blackwell Publishing for Neurological Differential Diagnosis; has received honoraria for invited lectures on TBI/concussion; has received research support from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/NIH, University of California, Department of Defense (DOD), NFL Charities, Thrasher Research Foundation, Today's and Tomorrow's Children Fund, and the Child Neurology Foundation/Winokur Family Foundation; and has given (and continues to give) expert testimony, has acted as a witness or consultant, or has prepared an affidavit for 2–4 legal cases per year. J. Kutcher receives authorship royalties from UpToDate.com; receives research support from ElMindA, Ltd.; is the Director of the National Basketball Association Concussion Program; is a consultant for the NHLPA; has received funding for travel and honoraria for lectures on sports concussion for professional organizations; and has given expert testimony on TBI cases. S. Ashwal serves on the medical advisory board for the Tuberous Sclerosis Association; serves as associate editor for Pediatric Neurology; has a patent pending for the use of HRS for imaging of stroke; receives royalties from publishing for Pediatric Neurology: Principles and Practice (coeditor for 6th edition, published in 2011); receives research support from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke grants for pediatric TBI and for use of advanced imaging for detecting neural stem cell migration after neonatal HII in a rat pup model; and has been called and continues to be called as treating physician once per year for children with nonaccidental trauma in legal proceedings. J. Barth has received funding for travel and honoraria for lectures on sports concussion for professional organizations, has given expert testimony on TBI cases, and occasionally is asked to testify on neurocognitive matters related to clinical practice. T. Getchius is a full-time employee of the American Academy of Neurology. G. Gioia has received funding for travel from Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., and the Sarah Jane Brain Foundation; served in an editorial capacity for Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.; receives royalties for publishing from Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., and Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing; has received honoraria from University of Miami Brain and Spinal Cord Conference and the State of Pennsylvania Department of Education; and has given expert testimony on one case of severe TBI. G. Gronseth serves as a member of the editorial advisory board of Neurology Now and serves as the American Academy of Neurology Evidence-based Medicine Methodologist. K. Guskiewicz serves on the editorial boards for the Journal of Athletic Training, Neurosurgery, and Exercise and Sport Science Reviews; serves as a member of concussion consensus writing committees for the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA), American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, and American College of Sports Medicine; serves on the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) Health and Safety Advisory Committee for Concussion, the National Football League's (NFL) Head Neck and Spine Committee, and the NFL Players' Association's (NFLPA) Mackey-White Committee; has received funding for travel and honoraria for lectures on sports concussion for professional organizations; has given expert testimony on TBI/concussion cases; and has received research funding from the NIH, CDC, National Operating Committee for Standards in Athletic Equipment, NCAA, NFL Charities, NFLPA, USA Hockey, and NATA. S. Mandel and G. Manley report no disclosures. D. McKeag serves as Senior Associate Editor, Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, and as Associate Editor, Current Sports Medicine Reports. D. Thurman reports no disclosures. R. Zafonte serves on editorial boards for Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Journal of Neurotrauma; receives royalties from Demos–Brain Injury Medicine Text; receives research support from the NIH, National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, DOD; and has given expert testimony for an evaluation for the Department of Justice. Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures.

Conflict of Interest

The American Academy of Neurology is committed to producing independent, critical and truthful clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). Significant efforts are made to minimize the potential for conflicts of interest to influence the recommendations of this CPG. To the extent possible, the AAN keeps separate those who have a financial stake in the success or failure of the products appraised in the CPGs and the developers of the guidelines. Conflict of interest forms were obtained from all authors and reviewed by an oversight committee prior to project initiation. AAN limits the participation of authors with substantial conflicts of interest. The AAN forbids commercial participation in, or funding of, guideline projects. Drafts of the guideline have been reviewed by at least 3 AAN committees, a network of neurologists, Neurology® peer reviewers, and representatives from related fields. The AAN Guideline Author Conflict of Interest Policy can be viewed at www.aan.com.

Study Funding

This evidence-based guideline was funded by the American Academy of Neurology. No author received honoraria or financial support to develop this document.

Authors

Affiliations & Disclosures

Christopher C. Giza, MD*
From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.G.), Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (J.S.K.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (S.A.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences (J.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Center for Health Policy (T.S.D.G.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry (G.A.G.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Matthew Geller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center (K.G.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Neurology and Neurophysiology Associates, PC (S.M.), Philadelphia, PA; Neurological Surgery (G.M.), UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Department of Family Medicine (D.B.M.), Indiana University Center for Sports Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.J.T.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
Dr. Giza serves on the data safety monitoring board for LABiomed Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center.
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
Travel to attend Major League Soccer Concussion Committee meeting 2013, California State Athletic Commission meetings 2007-2013.
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
I receive royalties for Neurological Differential Diagnosis: A Prioritized Approach, Blackwell Publishing, 2005-present.
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
I serve on the Medical Education Speakers Network.
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
Dr. Giza has received funding from NINDS NS057420 2007-11, NS072308 2011-15, UCLA faculty research grants 2010-11.
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
I have also received support from the Thrasher Research Foundation 2009-11, NFL Charities 2011-2012, Today's and Tomorrow's Children Fund 2010-2011.
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
I have served as an expert on several medicolegal cases annually.
View all articles by this author
Jeffrey S. Kutcher, MD*
From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.G.), Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (J.S.K.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (S.A.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences (J.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Center for Health Policy (T.S.D.G.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry (G.A.G.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Matthew Geller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center (K.G.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Neurology and Neurophysiology Associates, PC (S.M.), Philadelphia, PA; Neurological Surgery (G.M.), UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Department of Family Medicine (D.B.M.), Indiana University Center for Sports Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.J.T.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
University of Toronto, funding for trip and speaker honorarium
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
National Basketball Association, Concussion Program Director
Consultancies:
1.
(1) National Hockey League Players' Association, (2)National Football League Players' Association
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
Neurologist, United States Ski and Snowboard Association
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
ElMindA, Ltd.
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Stephen Ashwal, MD, FAAN
From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.G.), Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (J.S.K.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (S.A.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences (J.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Center for Health Policy (T.S.D.G.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry (G.A.G.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Matthew Geller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center (K.G.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Neurology and Neurophysiology Associates, PC (S.M.), Philadelphia, PA; Neurological Surgery (G.M.), UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Department of Family Medicine (D.B.M.), Indiana University Center for Sports Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.J.T.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
SITT trial DSMB member
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
PEDIATRIAC NEUROLOGY:PRINICPLES AND PRACTICE---COEDITOR
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
Ongoing Research Support(OSR# 56232) S. Ashwal (PI)2006- 2011 NIH-04-298NINDS--R01 NS054001-01 Pediatric TBI and DAI: Normal Appearing Brain is not NormalThis prospective 5-yr study will use SWI, MRI and MRS in 90 pediatric TBI and 90 controls to determine which specific imaging variables will predict outcome. Role: Principal Investigator
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Jeffrey Barth, PhD
From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.G.), Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (J.S.K.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (S.A.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences (J.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Center for Health Policy (T.S.D.G.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry (G.A.G.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Matthew Geller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center (K.G.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Neurology and Neurophysiology Associates, PC (S.M.), Philadelphia, PA; Neurological Surgery (G.M.), UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Department of Family Medicine (D.B.M.), Indiana University Center for Sports Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.J.T.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
Advances in Medical Psychotherapy, and Psychodiagnosis: An International Journal (Associate Editor: 1988-present).The Clinical Neuropsychologist (Editorial Board: 1995 - present).Psychological Injury and Law (Editorial Board: 2008 - present).Applied Neuropsychology (Editorial Board: 2011 - Present).
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
South Texas Research Organizational Network Guiding Studies on Trauma and Resilience (STRONG STAR), University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio.DRMRP,10% effort, 09/2008-8/2013.Non-invasive assay to discriminate between mild TBI and PTSD, Empirical Technologies. STTR, 5% effort. 09/2010-03/2013Project BLAST: The Balad/Bagram Longitudinal Assessment of the Symptoms of TBI/PTSD/ASD. Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury and PTSD after Blast Injuries, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, 9/1/10-8/31/13, 5% effort.
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Thomas S.D. Getchius
From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.G.), Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (J.S.K.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (S.A.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences (J.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Center for Health Policy (T.S.D.G.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry (G.A.G.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Matthew Geller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center (K.G.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Neurology and Neurophysiology Associates, PC (S.M.), Philadelphia, PA; Neurological Surgery (G.M.), UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Department of Family Medicine (D.B.M.), Indiana University Center for Sports Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.J.T.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
Project Director of the CDC-RFA-DD10-1012 award.
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Gerard A. Gioia, PhD
From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.G.), Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (J.S.K.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (S.A.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences (J.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Center for Health Policy (T.S.D.G.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry (G.A.G.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Matthew Geller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center (K.G.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Neurology and Neurophysiology Associates, PC (S.M.), Philadelphia, PA; Neurological Surgery (G.M.), UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Department of Family Medicine (D.B.M.), Indiana University Center for Sports Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.J.T.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
1. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc (test author)
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
1. Charles County Public Schools, honorarium2. International Neuropsychological Society, honorarium3. Rockingham Memorial Hospital, honorarium4. Phillips Andover Academy, honorarium5. Chicago School of Professional Psychology, honorarium6. Univ of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, honorarium7. Maryland Psychological Association, honorarium
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
1. Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005.2. CARE Sport & CRR smart phone apps, Psychological Assessment Resources, 2011.
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
1. Western Oregon Center for Applied Science (ORCAS)Public Foundation, Paid, Brain 101: Parent, Coach and Teacher Concussion Education program2. University of Virginia, Brain Injury and Sports Concussion Institute, Unpaid Research Program Associate3. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Public University, Unpaid
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
Title: Advanced Pediatric Brain Imaging Research Program (Catherine Limperopoulos, Principal Investigator) Source: DoDStatus:ActiveRole:Director, Neuropsychology Core% Effort:5Start Date:09/15/2011End Date:09/14/2016Title: Neurobehavioral and Psychosocial Evaluation Core (Clinical and Translational Research Institute) (Lisa Guay-Woodford, M.D., Principal Investigator) Source:NIH Status:ActiveRole:Director, Core Laboratory% Effort:10Start Date:07/01/10End Date:6/30/2015Title: Neurobehavioral Evaluation Core (Eunice Kennedy Shriver Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center) (Vittorio Gallo, M.D., Principal Investigator) Source:NIH Status:ActiveRole:Director, Core Laboratory% Effort:10Start Date:07/01/06End Date:06/30/2016
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Gary S. Gronseth, MD, FAAN
From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.G.), Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (J.S.K.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (S.A.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences (J.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Center for Health Policy (T.S.D.G.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry (G.A.G.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Matthew Geller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center (K.G.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Neurology and Neurophysiology Associates, PC (S.M.), Philadelphia, PA; Neurological Surgery (G.M.), UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Department of Family Medicine (D.B.M.), Indiana University Center for Sports Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.J.T.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
Neurology Now
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
Boehringer Ingelheim 2007-2011(Resigned Dec 2011)
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
American Academy of Neurology
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Kevin Guskiewicz, PhD, ATC
From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.G.), Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (J.S.K.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (S.A.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences (J.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Center for Health Policy (T.S.D.G.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry (G.A.G.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Matthew Geller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center (K.G.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Neurology and Neurophysiology Associates, PC (S.M.), Philadelphia, PA; Neurological Surgery (G.M.), UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Department of Family Medicine (D.B.M.), Indiana University Center for Sports Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.J.T.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
Journal of Athletic Training (Associate Editor 2000-2012; Editorial Board 2012-present); Neurosurgery (Editorial Board 2009-present); Exercise and Sport Science Reviews (Associate Editor 2012-present)
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
Consult with various organizations on concussion management and management guideliunes (NFL, NCAA, NFLPA, ACSM)
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
Principal Investigator, $258,000 with Martek Biosciences, Corp. - "Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Supplementation in Retired Professional Football Players." Guskiewicz KM, Bailes JM, Marshall SW (Awarded: June 2008).
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
Co-Investigator, $150,000 with U.S. Department of Defense - "Validation of the Military Acute Concussion Evaluation (MACE) for In-Theater Evaluation of Combat-Related Traumatic Brain Injury." McCrea M, Guskiewicz KM, Helmick K, and Jaffee (Awarded: August 2008).Principal Investigator, $579,354 with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention- "Prospective investigation of sport-related concussion: Relationship between biomechanical, neuroanatomical, and clinical factors." Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW, Smith K, Lin W, Ciocca M, Hooker D, Oliaro S, Crowell D (Awarded: September 2004).
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
Principal Investigator, $99,998,876 with National Football League Players Association - "Advancing the Frontiers of Research in Professional Football: Safeguarding the Health of Active and Former NFL Players." Guskiewicz, Marshall, McCrea (Submitted August 2012).Co-Principal Investigator, $99,165 with NFL Charities - "Association between football exposure and dementia in retired football players." Guskiewicz KM and Marshall SW (Awarded December 2010)Co-Principal Investigator, $12,600 with NFL Charities - "Concussion Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of High School Athletes and Coaches." Guskiewicz K, and Mihalik JR (Awarded November 2008).Principal Investigator, $282,000 with National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment - "Prospective investigation of sport-related concussion: Relationship between biomechanical, neuroanatomical, and clinical factors: Part II." Guskiewicz KM, Mihalik JP, Marshall SW, Smith JK (Awarded: February 2009).Principal Investigator, $258,000 with Martek Biosciences, Corp. - "Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Supplementation in Retired Professional Football Players." Guskiewicz KM, Bailes JM, Marshall SW (Awarded: June 2008).Principal Investigator, $165,000 with National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment - "Prospective Evaluation of Head Impacts in Youth Ice Hockey: Part II." Guskiewicz KM, Mihalik JP, Marshall SW, Greenwald R (Awarded: January 2008).Co-Principal Investigator, $300,000 with National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment - "Hypopituitarism in Retired Professional Football Players." Kelly D, Guskiewicz KM. (Awarded: February 2008).Co-Principal Investigator, $225,000 with The Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation - "Prospective Analysis of Head Impacts Sustained in Bantam-Aged Minor Hockey Players." Guskiewicz KM, and Montelpare W (Awarded: March 2006).Principal Investigator, $160,000 ($40,000 for 4 years) - National Football League Players'Association - "Investigating the Health of Retired NFL Players" (Awarded: June 2005).Principal Investigator, $240,000 with Medtronic - Sofamor-Danek - "Investigation of Back Pain in Retired Professional Football Players" Guskiewicz KM, Bailes J, Taft T, Hooker D (Awarded: September 2004).
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
Expert testimony in two cases involving sport concussion (2008 and 2010)
View all articles by this author
Steven Mandel, MD, FAAN
From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.G.), Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (J.S.K.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (S.A.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences (J.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Center for Health Policy (T.S.D.G.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry (G.A.G.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Matthew Geller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center (K.G.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Neurology and Neurophysiology Associates, PC (S.M.), Philadelphia, PA; Neurological Surgery (G.M.), UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Department of Family Medicine (D.B.M.), Indiana University Center for Sports Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.J.T.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Geoffrey Manley, MD, PhD
From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.G.), Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (J.S.K.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (S.A.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences (J.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Center for Health Policy (T.S.D.G.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry (G.A.G.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Matthew Geller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center (K.G.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Neurology and Neurophysiology Associates, PC (S.M.), Philadelphia, PA; Neurological Surgery (G.M.), UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Department of Family Medicine (D.B.M.), Indiana University Center for Sports Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.J.T.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NIH DSMB (Robertson EPO Grant)DOD DSMB (InTRUST Grant)Codman Scientific Advisory Board
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
Neurosurgery, Section Editor of Neurotrauma, 2009-present
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NIH, NS069409 (Manley, PI), 2009-2013DOD Translational Research Partnership (Manley, PI), 2010-2013
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Douglas B. McKeag, MD, MS
From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.G.), Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (J.S.K.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (S.A.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences (J.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Center for Health Policy (T.S.D.G.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry (G.A.G.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Matthew Geller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center (K.G.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Neurology and Neurophysiology Associates, PC (S.M.), Philadelphia, PA; Neurological Surgery (G.M.), UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Department of Family Medicine (D.B.M.), Indiana University Center for Sports Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.J.T.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine - Senior Associate Editor - 1995 - presentCurrent Sports Medicine Reports - Associate Editor - 2009 - present
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
ACSM's Primary Care Sports Medicine - LWW - 2008Sports Medicine - Little/Brown - 2000
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
Preventive Medicine, OneAmerican Financial, Inc - Employee Wellness [Commercial]Chief Medical, American College of Sports Medicine [Non-profit]
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
OneAmerica Professor Emeritus, Indiana University School of Medicine
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
David J. Thurman, MD, FAAN
From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.G.), Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (J.S.K.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (S.A.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences (J.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Center for Health Policy (T.S.D.G.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry (G.A.G.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Matthew Geller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center (K.G.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Neurology and Neurophysiology Associates, PC (S.M.), Philadelphia, PA; Neurological Surgery (G.M.), UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Department of Family Medicine (D.B.M.), Indiana University Center for Sports Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.J.T.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
Epilepsia, Editorial Board member, 2012-2013
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
Emory University School of Medicine, Clinical Professor of Neurology
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
UCB, Inc.
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Ross Zafonte, DO
From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.G.), Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (J.S.K.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (S.A.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences (J.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Center for Health Policy (T.S.D.G.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry (G.A.G.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (G.S.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Matthew Geller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center (K.G.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Neurology and Neurophysiology Associates, PC (S.M.), Philadelphia, PA; Neurological Surgery (G.M.), UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Department of Family Medicine (D.B.M.), Indiana University Center for Sports Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.J.T.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (R.Z.), Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
PMR- PresentJournal of Neurotrauma- Present
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
Demos- Brain Injury Medicine
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NIH, NIDRR, DOD
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author

Notes

Correspondence to American Academy of Neurology: [email protected]
*
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Approved by the Guideline Development Subcommittee on July 14, 2012; by the Practice Committee on August 3, 2012; and by the AAN Board of Directors on February 8, 2013.
Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.

Author Contributions

C. Giza: drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept or design, analysis or interpretation of data, acquisition of data, study supervision. J. Kutcher: drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept or design, analysis or interpretation of data. S. Ashwal: drafting/revising the manuscript, acquisition of data. J. Barth: drafting/revising the manuscript. T. Getchius: drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept or design, study supervision. G. Gioia: drafting/revising the manuscript, analysis or interpretation of data. G. Gronseth: drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept or design, analysis or interpretation of data. K. Guskiewicz: drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept or design, acquisition of data. S. Mandel: drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept or design, analysis or interpretation of data, contribution of vital reagents/tools/patients, acquisition of data, statistical analysis, study supervision. G. Manley: drafting/revising the manuscript. D. McKeag: drafting/revising the manuscript, analysis or interpretation of data, contribution of vital reagents/tools/patients, acquisition of data, study supervision. D. Thurman: drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept or design, analysis or interpretation of data. R. Zafonte: drafting/revising the manuscript, analysis or interpretation of data, acquisition of data.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citation information is sourced from Crossref Cited-by service.

Citations

Download Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited By
    • Laís A. Ferreira,
    • Ishita Tandon,
    • Kartik Balachandran,
    The effect of traumatic injuries on the nervous system, Handbook of Neural Engineering, (231-269), (2025).https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95730-4.00004-4
    Crossref
    • Ioannis Mavroudis,
    • Foivos Petridis,
    • Alin Ciobica,
    • Fatima Zahra Kamal,
    • Manuela Padurariu,
    Perspective Chapter: Challenges in the Diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome – Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Neuropathology, Neuroimaging Biomarkers, and Salivary Biomarkers, Traumatic Brain Injury - Challenges [Working Title], (2024).https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1007685
    Crossref
    • Oren Tirosh,
    • Jaymee Klonis,
    • Megan Hamilton,
    • John Olver,
    • Nilmini Wickramasinghe,
    • Dean Mckenzie,
    • Doa El-Ansary,
    • Gavin Williams,
    Smartphone Technology to Facilitate Remote Postural Balance Assessment in Acute Concussion Management: Pilot Study, Sensors, 24, 21, (6870), (2024).https://doi.org/10.3390/s24216870
    Crossref
    • Jennifer V. Wethe,
    • Jamie Bogle,
    • David W. Dodick,
    • Marci D. Howard,
    • Amanda Rach Gould,
    • Richard J. Butterfield,
    • Matthew R. Buras,
    • Jennifer Adler,
    • Alexandra Talaber,
    • David Soma,
    • Amaal J. Starling,
    Baseline Normative and Test–Retest Reliability Data for Sideline Concussion Assessment Measures in Youth, Diagnostics, 14, 15, (1661), (2024).https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14151661
    Crossref
    • Kyosuke Goto,
    • Yutaka Shigemori,
    • Yoshitaka Tanabe,
    • Shunya Otsubo,
    • Nana Otsuka,
    • Koki Terada,
    • Rino Tsurusaki,
    • Keita Yamaguchi,
    • Kentaro Masuda,
    • Hiroshi Fukushima,
    • Muneyuki Tachihara,
    • Hironobu Shimozono,
    • Jun Murakami,
    The Significance of Off-Season Tailor-Made Baseline Measurements in the Assessment of Post-Concussion in University Athletes, Brain Sciences, 14, 7, (698), (2024).https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070698
    Crossref
    • MARY M. DALEY,
    • DAVID R. HOWELL,
    • COREY J. LANOIS,
    • PAUL D. BERKNER,
    • REBEKAH C. MANNIX,
    • JESSIE R. OLDHAM,
    • WILLIAM P. MEEHAN,
    Concussion Symptoms and Neurocognitive Performance of Children and Adolescents on Antidepressants, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 56, 6, (1018-1025), (2024).https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003383
    Crossref
    • Bradley A. Dengler,
    • Melissa Meister,
    • Michael Aderman,
    • Steven R. Malvasi,
    • Jeremy D. Ross,
    • Adele Fu,
    • Thaddeus Haight,
    • Viktor Bartanusz,
    • Charles Kambe,
    • Jason H. Boulter,
    • Kenneth L. Cameron,
    Quantitative Pupillometry Predicts Return to Play and Tracks the Clinical Evolution of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in US Military Academy Cadets: A Military Traumatic Brain Injury Initiative Study, Neurosurgery, (2024).https://doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000003032
    Crossref
    • Allyssa K. Memmini,
    • Lauren N. Bos,
    • Kelleen Maluski,
    • Alexis Ellsworth-Kopkowski,
    • Paola Savvidou,
    • Kristen H. Schuyten,
    Evaluating Post-concussion Clinical Management of University-Aged Performing Artists: A Systematic Review, Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, (2024).https://doi.org/10.1177/1089313X241255443
    Crossref
    • Abigail C. Bretzin,
    • Aaron J. Zynda,
    • Alyssa M. Pollard-McGrandy,
    • Douglas J. Wiebe,
    • Tracey Covassin,
    Acute Sport-Related Concussion Management and Return to Sport Time in High School Athletes, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 52, 3, (791-800), (2024).https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465231219263
    Crossref
    • Connor Shane McKee,
    • Chris Bleakley,
    • Alan Rankin,
    • Mark Matthews,
    Outcome measures used in adolescent sport-related concussion research: a scoping review, BMJ Open, 14, 9, (e075590), (2024).https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075590
    Crossref
  11. See more

View Options

View options

PDF and All Supplements

Download PDF and Supplementary Material

Full Text

View Full Text
Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Personal login Institutional Login
Purchase Options

The neurology.org payment platform is currently offline. Our technical team is working as quickly as possible to restore service.

If you need immediate support or to place an order, please call or email customer service:

  • 1-800-638-3030 for U.S. customers - 8:30 - 7 pm ET (M-F)
  • 1-301-223-2300 for customers outside the U.S. - 8:30 - 7 pm ET (M-F)
  • [email protected]

We appreciate your patience during this time and apologize for any inconvenience.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share article link

Share

View full text|Download PDF