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Research Article
March 17, 2022
Open Access

Dynamics of Retinal Vessel Loss After Acute Optic Neuritis in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

Lilian Aly, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7051-124X [email protected], Christina Noll [email protected], Rebecca Wicklein, MD [email protected], Elisabeth Wolf [email protected], Eva Feodora Romahn [email protected], Josphine Wauschkuhn [email protected], Sami Hosari, MD [email protected], Christian Mardin, MD [email protected], Achim Berthele, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9650-6222 [email protected], Bernhard Hemmer, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-6784 [email protected], Thomas Korn, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3633-0955 [email protected], and Benjamin Knier, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4187-9472Authors Info & Affiliations
May 2022 issue
9 (3)
https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000001159
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Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Neurology® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation
Volume 9 • Number 3 • May 2022
PubMed: 35301260

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

Publication History

Received: October 23, 2021
Accepted: January 3, 2022
Published online: March 17, 2022
Published in issue: May 2022

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Disclosure

L. Aly received travel support from Novartis Pharma GmbH Deutschland. C. Noll, R. Wicklein, E. Wolf, E. F. Romahn, J. Wauschkuhn, and S. Hosari have nothing to report. C. Mardinserved as medical advisor at Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg. A. Berthele received reimbursements for the participation in randomized controlled trials from Alexion, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, and Roche and received compensations for participation in advisory boards from Alexion, Biogen, Celgene, Hexal/Novartis, and Roche; all conflicts are not relevant to the topic of the study. B. Hemmer has served on scientific advisory boards for Novartis and Sandoz; he has served as DMSC member for AllergyCare, Polpharma, and TG Therapeutics; he or his institution has received speaker honoraria from Desitin; his institution received research grants from Regeneron for multiple sclerosis research. He holds part of 2 patents; 1 for the detection of antibodies against KIR4.1 in a subpopulation of patients with multiple sclerosis and 1 for genetic determinants of neutralizing antibodies to interferon; all conflicts are not relevant to the topic of the study. T. Korn received reimbursements for the participation in think tanks of Janssen, Novartis, and Sanofi-Genzyme. B. Knier received travel support and a research grant from Novartis Pharma GmbH Deutschland. Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures.

Study Funding

This study was funded by the Gemeinnützige Hertie Foundation (medMS program to C. Noll and B. Knier; Hertie Network of Clinical Neuroscience to T. Korn), the European Union's Horizon 2020 (H2020) Research and Innovation Program (grant MultipleMS EU RIA 733161 to B. Hemmer), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology EXC 2145 SyNergy: ID 390857198) to B. Hemmer and T. Korn; SFB1054-B06, TRR128-A07, TRR128-A12, TRR274-A01 to T. Korn), the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (Else Kröner-Fresenius Exzellenzstipendium to B. Knier) and Novartis Pharma GmbH Deutschland (Oppenheim research award 2020 to B. Knier).

Authors

Affiliations & Disclosures

Lilian Aly, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7051-124X [email protected]
From the Department of Neurology (L.A., C.N., R.W., E.W., E.F.R., J.W., A.B., B.H., T.K., B.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology (L.A., T.K., B.K.), Technical University of Munich; Department of Ophthalmology (S.H., C.M.), University Hospital of Erlangen-Nuremberg; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
Novartis Funding for travel to the MS Research Day Berlin, 2020
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Christina Noll [email protected]
From the Department of Neurology (L.A., C.N., R.W., E.W., E.F.R., J.W., A.B., B.H., T.K., B.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology (L.A., T.K., B.K.), Technical University of Munich; Department of Ophthalmology (S.H., C.M.), University Hospital of Erlangen-Nuremberg; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
Gemeinnützige Hertie Foundation (medMS program)
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Rebecca Wicklein, MD [email protected]
From the Department of Neurology (L.A., C.N., R.W., E.W., E.F.R., J.W., A.B., B.H., T.K., B.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology (L.A., T.K., B.K.), Technical University of Munich; Department of Ophthalmology (S.H., C.M.), University Hospital of Erlangen-Nuremberg; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
Travel Grant ECTRIMS 2021 for Poster presentation
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
Research fellowship of Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität Munich
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Elisabeth Wolf [email protected]
From the Department of Neurology (L.A., C.N., R.W., E.W., E.F.R., J.W., A.B., B.H., T.K., B.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology (L.A., T.K., B.K.), Technical University of Munich; Department of Ophthalmology (S.H., C.M.), University Hospital of Erlangen-Nuremberg; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Eva Feodora Romahn [email protected]
From the Department of Neurology (L.A., C.N., R.W., E.W., E.F.R., J.W., A.B., B.H., T.K., B.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology (L.A., T.K., B.K.), Technical University of Munich; Department of Ophthalmology (S.H., C.M.), University Hospital of Erlangen-Nuremberg; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Josphine Wauschkuhn [email protected]
From the Department of Neurology (L.A., C.N., R.W., E.W., E.F.R., J.W., A.B., B.H., T.K., B.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology (L.A., T.K., B.K.), Technical University of Munich; Department of Ophthalmology (S.H., C.M.), University Hospital of Erlangen-Nuremberg; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Sami Hosari, MD [email protected]
From the Department of Neurology (L.A., C.N., R.W., E.W., E.F.R., J.W., A.B., B.H., T.K., B.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology (L.A., T.K., B.K.), Technical University of Munich; Department of Ophthalmology (S.H., C.M.), University Hospital of Erlangen-Nuremberg; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Christian Mardin, MD [email protected]
From the Department of Neurology (L.A., C.N., R.W., E.W., E.F.R., J.W., A.B., B.H., T.K., B.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology (L.A., T.K., B.K.), Technical University of Munich; Department of Ophthalmology (S.H., C.M.), University Hospital of Erlangen-Nuremberg; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany
Editorial Boards:
1.
Klinische Monatsblätter Augenheilkunde 2020-2022
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Achim Berthele, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9650-6222 [email protected]
From the Department of Neurology (L.A., C.N., R.W., E.W., E.F.R., J.W., A.B., B.H., T.K., B.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology (L.A., T.K., B.K.), Technical University of Munich; Department of Ophthalmology (S.H., C.M.), University Hospital of Erlangen-Nuremberg; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
(1) Alexion Pharma (2) Biogen (3) Celgene (4) Roche Pharma (5) Hexal/Novartis
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
(1) Alexion Pharma, funding for travel and speaker honoraria (2) Bayer Healthcare, speaker honoraria (3) Biogen, speaker honoraria (4) Roche Pharma, funding for travel and speaker honoraria.
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Bernhard Hemmer, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-6784 [email protected]
From the Department of Neurology (L.A., C.N., R.W., E.W., E.F.R., J.W., A.B., B.H., T.K., B.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology (L.A., T.K., B.K.), Technical University of Munich; Department of Ophthalmology (S.H., C.M.), University Hospital of Erlangen-Nuremberg; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
Advisory Boards for Novartis, he has served as DSMB member for AllergyCare, TG Therapeutics and Polpharma Biologics
Gifts:
1.
Me or my institution have received speaker honoraria from Desitin
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
NONE
Editorial Boards:
1.
Editorial board member of Experimental Neurology and Multiple sclerosis Journal
Patents:
1.
I hold part of two patents; one for the detection of antibodies and T cells against KIR4.1 in a subpopulati on of MS patients and one for genetic determinants of neutralizing antibodies to interferon beta
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
Regeneron - not related, Research grants from the German research foundation, the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung and the European Community
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Thomas Korn, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3633-0955 [email protected]
From the Department of Neurology (L.A., C.N., R.W., E.W., E.F.R., J.W., A.B., B.H., T.K., B.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology (L.A., T.K., B.K.), Technical University of Munich; Department of Ophthalmology (S.H., C.M.), University Hospital of Erlangen-Nuremberg; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
(1) Sanofi Genzyme (2) Novartis (3) Roche (4) Janssen
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
(1) Novartis (2) Alexion
Editorial Boards:
1.
NONE
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
(1) Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG): KO2964/2-1, KO2964/3-1, KO2964/4-1, KO2964/5-1, SFB1054- B06, TRR128-A07, TRR128-A12, TRR274-A01, Synergy EXC2145. (2) European Research Council (ERC): CoG647215.
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
(1) Gemeinnützige Hertie-Stiftung (Hertie Foundation).
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author
Benjamin Knier, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4187-9472
From the Department of Neurology (L.A., C.N., R.W., E.W., E.F.R., J.W., A.B., B.H., T.K., B.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology (L.A., T.K., B.K.), Technical University of Munich; Department of Ophthalmology (S.H., C.M.), University Hospital of Erlangen-Nuremberg; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany.
Disclosure
Scientific Advisory Boards:
1.
NONE
Gifts:
1.
NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
1.
(1) Bayer, Travel Compensation (2) Merck Serono, Travel Compensation (3) ECTRIMS (non-profit), travel grant (4) Neurowind e.V. (non-profit), travel grant (5) Novartis, Travel Compensation
Editorial Boards:
1.
(1) Frontiers in Neurology, Review Editor, 2020 (2) Frontiers in Immunology, Review Editor, 2021
Patents:
1.
NONE
Publishing Royalties:
1.
NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:
1.
NONE
Consultancies:
1.
NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:
1.
NONE
Other Activities:
1.
NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
1.
NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:
1.
(1) Novartis, research grant (2) Novartis, research award "Oppenheim research fund"
Research Support, Government Entities:
1.
(1) Kompetenznetz Multiple Sklerose (non-profit) of the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, seed research grant, 2014
Research Support, Academic Entities:
1.
(1) Kommission für Klinische Foschung (KKF), intramural research grant from the Technical University of Munich
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
1.
(1) Else Kröner Fresenius-Stiftung, Else Kröner Exzellenzstipendium 2019
Stock/stock Options/board of Directors Compensation:
1.
NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Research Sponsor:
1.
NONE
Stock/stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
1.
NONE
Legal Proceedings:
1.
NONE
View all articles by this author

Notes

Correspondence Dr. Knier [email protected]
Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures. Funding information is provided at the end of the article.
The Article Processing Charge was funded by the authors.
Submitted and externally peer reviewed. The handling editor was Friedemann Paul, MD.

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